Python Coding challenge - Day 956| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

1. Defining a Custom Metaclass

class Meta(type):

Meta is a metaclass because it inherits from type.

A metaclass controls how classes are created.

2. Overriding the Metaclass __new__ Method

    def __new__(cls, name, bases, dct):

        dct["level"] = dct.get("level", 0) + 1

        return super().__new__(cls, name, bases, dct)

This method runs whenever a class using this metaclass is created.

It receives:

cls → the metaclass (Meta)

name → class name ("Base", "Child")

bases → parent classes

dct → dictionary of attributes defined in the class body

What it does:

Looks for "level" in the class dictionary.

If found, it increments it by 1.

If not found, it creates "level" with value 1.

3. Creating Class Base

class Base(metaclass=Meta):

    level = 1

Step-by-step:

Class body runs → dct = {"level": 1}

Meta.__new__(Meta, "Base", (), {"level": 1}) is called.

Inside __new__:

dct["level"] = 1 + 1 = 2

Class Base is created with:

Base.level = 2

4. Creating Class Child

class Child(Base):

    pass

Child inherits from Base, so it also uses metaclass Meta.

Class body is empty → dct = {}

Meta.__new__(Meta, "Child", (Base,), {}) is called.

Inside __new__:

dct["level"] = 0 + 1 = 1

So:

Child.level = 1

5. Printing the Values

print(Base.level, Child.level)

Base.level is 2

Child.level is 1

6. Final Output

2 1

400 Days Python Coding Challenges with Explanation

✅ Final Answer

✔ Output:

2 1