Python Coding challenge - Day 170 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

def fibonacci_tail_recursive(n, a=0, b=1):

    if n == 0:

        return a

    elif n == 1:

        return b

    else:

        return fibonacci_tail_recursive(n - 1, b, a + b)

print(fibonacci_tail_recursive(7))  

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

def fibonacci_tail_recursive(n, a=0, b=1):

This line defines a function called fibonacci_tail_recursive that takes three parameters: n, a, and b. n represents the term of the Fibonacci sequence to compute, while a and b represent the current and next terms of the sequence respectively. By default, a is set to 0 and b is set to 1.

    if n == 0:

        return a

    elif n == 1:

        return b

Here, the function checks if the input n is 0 or 1. If n is 0, it returns the current term a (which is 0). If n is 1, it returns the next term b (which is 1). These base cases terminate the recursion.

    else:

        return fibonacci_tail_recursive(n - 1, b, a + b)

If n is greater than 1, the function makes a recursive call to itself with the parameters (n - 1, b, a + b). This means it calculates the next term by adding the current term a to the next term b, and it decrements n by 1 to move closer to the base cases. This process continues until n reaches 0 or 1, at which point the function returns a or b respectively.

print(fibonacci_tail_recursive(7))

Finally, the function is called with n = 7, which computes the 7th term of the Fibonacci sequence using tail recursion. The result is printed to the console.

This code demonstrates a tail-recursive implementation of the Fibonacci sequence, where the recursive call is the last operation performed by the function. However, it's worth noting that Python's interpreter does not perform tail call optimization by default, so this tail-recursive implementation doesn't gain any performance benefits over a non-tail-recursive version in Python.

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Happy Eid Al-Fitr using Python

 

Code :

import pyfiglet

from termcolor import colored

import random

def eid_al_fitr_wishes():

    colors = ['red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white']

    ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Eid Mubarak!", font="slant")

    print(colored(ascii_art, color=random.choice(colors)))    

# Call the function to display Eid-al-Fitr wishes

eid_al_fitr_wishes()

#clcoding.com

Explanation: 

Let me break down the code step by step:

import pyfiglet: This line imports the pyfiglet module, which is used for creating ASCII art text. In this script, the figlet_format() function from pyfiglet module is used to generate ASCII art for the text "Eid Mubarak!" with the specified font style ("slant").

from termcolor import colored: This line imports the colored() function from the termcolor module. The colored() function is used to add color to text printed in the terminal. It takes the text and color as arguments and returns the colored text.

import random: This line imports the random module, which provides functions for generating random numbers. It is used in this script to randomly select a color from the list of colors defined later.

def eid_al_fitr_wishes():: This line defines a function named eid_al_fitr_wishes(). This function encapsulates the logic for printing Eid-al-Fitr wishes with ASCII art and colored text.

colors = ['red', 'green', 'yellow', 'blue', 'magenta', 'cyan', 'white']: This line defines a list named colors containing various color names.

ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Eid Mubarak!", font="slant"): This line uses the figlet_format() function from the pyfiglet module to generate ASCII art for the text "Eid Mubarak!" with the specified font style ("slant"). The resulting ASCII art is stored in the variable ascii_art.

print(colored(ascii_art, color=random.choice(colors))): This line prints the ASCII art generated earlier with a randomly chosen color from the colors list. The colored() function applies the selected color to the ASCII art before printing it.

eid_al_fitr_wishes(): This line calls the eid_al_fitr_wishes() function, executing the code within it and printing the Eid-al-Fitr wishes with colored ASCII art.

That's a breakdown of the code provided. If you have any further questions or need clarification on any part, feel free to ask!

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Python Coding challenge - Day 169 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def sum(num):

    if num == 1:

        return 1

    return num + sum(num-1)

print(sum(4))

Solution and Explanantion: 

This is a recursive Python function named sum. It calculates the sum of integers from 1 to a given number (num). Let's break it down:

def sum(num)::

This line defines a function named sum that takes one argument, num.

if num == 1::

This is a base case for the recursion. It checks if the input num is equal to 1.

return 1:

If num is indeed 1, it returns 1. This is the base case of the recursion where the sum of integers from 1 to 1 is 1.

return num + sum(num-1):

If num is not equal to 1, it returns the sum of num and the result of calling sum recursively with num-1. This line adds the current value of num to the sum of all integers from 1 to num-1.

print(sum(4)):

This line calls the sum function with the argument 4, meaning it will calculate the sum of integers from 1 to 4.

Let's trace how this works with sum(4):

sum(4) calls sum(3)

sum(3) calls sum(2)

sum(2) calls sum(1)

sum(1) returns 1 (base case)

sum(2) returns 2 + 1 = 3

sum(3) returns 3 + 3 = 6

sum(4) returns 4 + 6 = 10

So, print(sum(4)) will output 10.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 168 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

value = my_dict.get('d', None)

print(value)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down each line of the code:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}: This line creates a dictionary called my_dict with three key-value pairs. Each key represents a letter ('a', 'b', 'c') and each corresponding value is an integer (1, 2, 3).

value = my_dict.get('d', None): This line retrieves the value associated with the key 'd' from the dictionary my_dict using the .get() method. If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, it returns the associated value. If the key doesn't exist, it returns the default value provided, which in this case is None.

print(value): This line prints the value stored in the variable value. If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, it will print the corresponding value. If the key doesn't exist, it will print None, as that is the default value provided.

So, in summary, the code first creates a dictionary my_dict, then it attempts to retrieve the value associated with the key 'd' from this dictionary. Finally, it prints the retrieved value (or None if the key doesn't exist in the dictionary).

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Python Coding challenge - Day 167 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

value = my_dict.pop('d', 0)

print(value)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

my_dict = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}: This line initializes a dictionary named my_dict with three key-value pairs. The keys are 'a', 'b', and 'c', and their corresponding values are 1, 2, and 3 respectively.

value = my_dict.pop('d', 0): The pop() method in Python is used to remove and return the value associated with a specified key. In this line, 'd' is the key being looked up in the dictionary. However, since 'd' is not a key in my_dict, the default value 0 is returned instead of raising a KeyError.

If the key 'd' exists in the dictionary, its corresponding value would be returned and removed from the dictionary.

If the key 'd' does not exist in the dictionary, the second argument of pop() (which is 0 in this case) is returned without modifying the dictionary.

Therefore, value will be assigned the value returned by pop(), which is 0.

print(value): This line prints the value stored in the variable value. Since value holds 0 (the default value returned by pop()), the output of this line will be 0.

So, the output of the code will be:

0

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Python Coding challenge - Day 166 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

set1 = {1, 2, 3}

set2 = {3, 4, 5}

print(set1 - set2)

Solution and Explanation:

The code snippet set1 = {1, 2, 3} and set2 = {3, 4, 5} initializes two sets: set1 containing elements {1, 2, 3} and set2 containing elements {3, 4, 5}.

When you perform the operation set1 - set2, you're using the set difference operator -, which returns a new set containing elements that are present in set1 but not in set2. In other words, it returns the elements that are unique to set1.

So, in this case, the output will be {1, 2} because the elements 1 and 2 are present in set1 but not in set2. The element 3 is common to both sets, so it is not included in the result.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 165 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]  # Define a list named my_list with elements 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5

my_list.remove(3)          # Remove the element with the value 3 from my_list

print(my_list)             # Print the modified my_list

Explanation:

my_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]: This line initializes a list named my_list containing the integers 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5.

my_list.remove(3): The remove() method is called on my_list with the argument 3. This method removes the first occurrence of the specified value from the list. In this case, it removes the element with the value 3 from my_list.

print(my_list): This line prints the modified my_list after the element with the value 3 has been removed. So, the output will be:

[1, 2, 4, 5]

After executing the code, my_list will contain the elements [1, 2, 4, 5], with the element 3 removed from it.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 164 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

g = [1, 2, 3, 4]

g.clear()

print(g)

Solution and Explanation:

Let's break down the code step by step:

g = [1, 2, 3, 4]: This line initializes a list named g with four elements: 1, 2, 3, and 4.

g.clear(): This line calls the clear() method on the list g. The clear() method removes all the elements from the list, effectively making it empty.

print(g): Finally, this line prints the contents of the list g after it has been cleared. Since the clear() method removed all elements from g, the output will be an empty list [].

So, the code essentially clears all the elements from the list g and then prints an empty list [].

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Python Coding challenge - Day 163 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down each line of code:

d = [1, 2]: This line initializes a list d with elements [1, 2].

e = (1, 2): This line initializes a tuple e with elements (1, 2).

print(tuple(d) + e): This line converts the list d into a tuple using the tuple() function, resulting in (1, 2), and then concatenates it with tuple e. This concatenation combines the elements of both tuples. Since tuples are immutable, a new tuple is created as the result of this operation. The output of this line will be (1, 2, 1, 2).

print(d + list(e)): This line converts the tuple e into a list using the list() function, resulting in [1, 2], and then concatenates it with list d. This concatenation combines the elements of both lists. Since lists are mutable, a new list is created as the result of this operation. The output of this line will be [1, 2, 1, 2].

So, the output of the entire code will be:

(1, 2, 1, 2)

[1, 2, 1, 2]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 162 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

let's break down the code:

a = 5: This line assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a.

b = "10": This line assigns the string "10" to the variable b.

print(a + int(b)): Here, int(b) converts the string "10" to an integer, resulting in 10. Then a + int(b) adds the integer value of b (which is 10) to the value of a (which is 5), resulting in 15. So, this line will print 15.

print(str(a) + b): Here, str(a) converts the integer a into a string, resulting in "5". Then "5" + b concatenates the string "5" with the string "10", resulting in "510". So, this line will print "510".

So, the output of the code will be:

15

510

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Python Coding challenge - Day 161 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def fibonacci(n):

    if n <= 1:

        return n

    else:

        return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

print(fibonacci(6))

Solution and Explanation:

The provided code defines a Python function fibonacci(n) that computes the nth Fibonacci number recursively, and then prints the 6th Fibonacci number.

Here's how it works:

The fibonacci function takes an integer n as input.

It starts with a base case: if n is 0 or 1, it returns n itself. This is because the Fibonacci sequence starts with 0 and 1, and from there each subsequent number is the sum of the two preceding ones.

If n is greater than 1, it recursively calls the fibonacci function for n-1 and n-2, and returns the sum of these two calls.

The function keeps recursively calling itself until it reaches one of the base cases, where it directly returns a value.

Finally, it prints the 6th Fibonacci number by calling fibonacci(6) and prints the result.

Let's walk through fibonacci(6):

fibonacci(6) calls fibonacci(5) and fibonacci(4).

fibonacci(5) further calls fibonacci(4) and fibonacci(3).

fibonacci(4) calls fibonacci(3) and fibonacci(2).

This process continues until it reaches the base cases (n <= 1).

Eventually, it computes the Fibonacci numbers for n=2, n=3, n=4, n=5, and n=6 and sums them up to get the 6th Fibonacci number.

So, when you run print(fibonacci(6)), it will output the 6th Fibonacci number, which is 8.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 160 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code snippet step by step:

class MyClass:

    def __init__(self):

        self.__x = 10

Here, we define a class named MyClass. It has a constructor method __init__ which initializes an instance variable __x with the value 10. The __x variable is prefixed with double underscores, making it a private variable.

obj = MyClass()

We then create an instance of the MyClass class called obj. This invokes the constructor method __init__() of the MyClass class, setting the __x attribute to 10.

obj.__x = 20

Here, we try to assign a value of 20 to the __x attribute of the obj instance. However, Python is dynamically typed, so this line actually creates a new attribute __x in the obj instance, distinct from the __x attribute defined in the class. Since the attribute in the class is private, it cannot be accessed or modified directly from outside the class.

print(obj.__x)

This line tries to print the value of the __x attribute of the obj instance. However, due to the previous line, there are now two __x attributes associated with the obj instance: one created in the class and another created directly in the instance. So, obj.__x refers to the newly created attribute __x in the instance, not the one defined in the class. Therefore, it prints 20.

In summary, even though the class MyClass has a private attribute __x, the code snippet demonstrates how Python's dynamic nature allows the creation of a new instance attribute with the same name, leading to confusion about which attribute is being accessed or modified.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 159 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code: 

def bar(a, b=2, c=3):

    print(a, b, c)

bar(1)

bar(1, 4)

bar(1, c=5)

Solution and Explanation: 

let's go through each function call:

bar(1):

Here, only one argument a is passed, so a takes the value 1.

Since b and c have default values specified in the function definition (b=2 and c=3), they will take those values.

So, the output will be 1 2 3.

bar(1, 4):

Here, two arguments a and b are passed, so a takes the value 1 and b takes the value 4.

Since c has a default value specified, it will take that default value.

So, the output will be 1 4 3.

bar(1, c=5):

Here, two arguments a and c are passed, so a takes the value 1 and c takes the value 5.

Since b has a default value specified, it will take that default value.

So, the output will be 1 2 5.

In Python, when calling a function, arguments are assigned based on their position, unless you explicitly specify the name of the parameter (as in the third call). In that case, the argument is matched to the parameter name regardless of position. If a parameter has a default value, it can be omitted in the function call, and the default value will be used.

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Python pattern challenge - Day 9

 

def print_pattern():

    num = 1

    for i in range(1, 6):

        if i % 2 != 0:

            print(f"* {num} * {num + 1} *")

            num += 2

        else:

            print(f"{num} * {num + 1} * {num + 2}")

            num += 3

print_pattern()

Explanation: 

Let's break down the print_pattern() function step by step:

Initialization:

num = 1: This variable is initialized to 1. It will be used to generate the numbers in the pattern.

Looping:

for i in range(1, 6):: This loop iterates from 1 to 5 (inclusive). It controls the number of rows in the pattern.

Conditional Printing:

if i % 2 != 0:: This condition checks if the current row number i is odd.

If the row number is odd:

print(f"* {num} * {num + 1} *"): It prints a pattern where an asterisk ('*') is followed by num, then another asterisk, then num + 1, and finally an asterisk. This is repeated for each odd row.

num += 2: num is incremented by 2 because each number is two units apart in odd rows.

If the row number is even:

print(f"{num} * {num + 1} * {num + 2}"): It prints a pattern where num is followed by an asterisk, then num + 1, then an asterisk, and finally num + 2. This is repeated for each even row.

num += 3: num is incremented by 3 because each number is three units apart in even rows.

Output:

The function print_pattern() is called, resulting in the specified pattern being printed to the console.

Overall, this function generates and prints a pattern consisting of alternating rows with different structures: odd rows have asterisks surrounding consecutive numbers, while even rows have numbers separated by asterisks.

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Python pattern challenge - Day 8

 

def gen_tri(size):

    for i in range(0, size//2 + 1):

        yield ' ' * i + '*' * (size - 2*i) + ' ' * i

def print_heart(size):

    size = 2*size + 1

    for i in reversed(list(gen_tri(size//2))):

        print(i, i)

    for i in gen_tri(size):

        print(i)

print_heart(4)

Explanation: 

This Python code defines two functions: gen_tri(size) and print_heart(size), and then it calls print_heart(4).

Here's what each part does:

gen_tri(size) Function:

This function generates lines for a triangle pattern.

It takes one parameter size, which represents the width of the base of the triangle.

It uses a loop to iterate over the range from 0 to size//2 + 1. This ensures that the triangle will have a height equal to half of the base plus one.

For each iteration, it yields a string consisting of spaces and asterisks (' ' and '*') to form the triangle shape. The number of spaces (' ') before and after the asterisks decreases as i increases, and the number of asterisks increases accordingly.

print_heart(size) Function:

This function prints a heart shape composed of two triangles.

It takes one parameter size, which represents the size of the heart.

Inside this function, size is modified to ensure symmetry and compatibility with the gen_tri function.

It first prints the upper triangle of the heart by iterating in reverse over the lines generated by gen_tri for half of the specified size.

Then, it prints the lower triangle of the heart by iterating over the lines generated by gen_tri for the other half of the specified size.

print_heart(4) Call:

This line calls the print_heart function with size equal to 4.

It will print a heart shape where the base of the triangle in each half has a width of 4 characters.

Overall, this code generates and prints a heart shape made up of two triangles, with a specified size.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 158 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

This code defines a function foo that takes a single argument x. The argument x is initialized with a default value of an empty list [].

def foo(x=[]):

    x.append(1)

    return x

Here's what happens when you call foo() multiple times:

First Call (print(foo())):

foo() is called without any argument, so x defaults to an empty list [].

Inside the function, 1 is appended to the list x, modifying it to [1].

The modified list [1] is returned and printed.

Second Call (print(foo())):

Since the default argument x retains its value between calls, it still holds the modified list [1] from the previous call.

1 is appended to the existing list x, resulting in [1, 1].

The modified list [1, 1] is returned and printed.

Third Call (print(foo())):

Similar to the second call, the default argument x still holds the modified list [1, 1].

Another 1 is appended to the list x, making it [1, 1, 1].

The modified list [1, 1, 1] is returned and printed.

So, the output of the three function calls will be:

[1]

[1, 1]

[1, 1, 1]

It's important to note that the default argument x=[] is evaluated only once when the function foo is defined. This means that every time you call foo() without passing an argument explicitly, the same list object (which was created when the function was defined) is used. This can lead to unexpected behavior if you're not careful, especially when dealing with mutable default arguments like lists or dictionaries.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 157 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

#Code:

explain def foo(x):

    return x + 1

result = map(foo, [1, 2, 3, 4])

print(list(result))

Solution and Explanations: 

This Python code demonstrates the use of the map() function. Let's break it down step by step:

def foo(x): - This line defines a function named foo that takes a single argument x.

return x + 1 - Inside the foo function, it simply returns the value of x incremented by 1.

result = map(foo, [1, 2, 3, 4]) - Here, the map() function is used. It takes two arguments: a function (foo in this case) and an iterable ([1, 2, 3, 4] in this case). What map() does is it applies the function (foo) to each item in the iterable ([1, 2, 3, 4]), producing a new iterable containing the results. So, map(foo, [1, 2, 3, 4]) will apply foo to each element of the list [1, 2, 3, 4], resulting in [2, 3, 4, 5].

print(list(result)) - The map() function returns an iterator, so we need to convert it into a list to see the results. This line converts the result iterator into a list and prints it. The output will be [2, 3, 4, 5], which are the values obtained by applying the foo function to each element in the list [1, 2, 3, 4], incrementing each by 1.

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Python pattern challenge - Day 7

 

a=[]

for i in range(7):

    a.append([])

    for j in range(7):

        if i==0 or i==6 or i+j==6 or i==j:

            a[i].append("*")

        else:

            a[i].append(" ")

for i in range(7):

    print(*a[i])

Explanation: 

 Let's break down the code step by step:

a = []: This line initializes an empty list named a. This list will eventually hold the elements of the 2D array or matrix.

The outer loop: for i in range(7):

This loop iterates over values from 0 to 6 (inclusive).

For each value of i, a new empty list is appended to the list a. This effectively initializes a new row in the matrix.

The inner loop: for j in range(7):

This loop iterates over values from 0 to 6 (inclusive), representing columns within each row.

For each cell in the matrix (each combination of i and j), the following condition is checked:

The if condition:

If i is 0 or 6 (first or last row), or if the sum of i and j equals 6 (indicating the anti-diagonal), or if i equals j (indicating the main diagonal), then a star (*) is appended to the current row (a[i]). Otherwise, a space is appended.

After completing the inner loop for each i, a contains a 2D list representing a matrix where stars (*) are placed along the main diagonal, anti-diagonal, and the first and last rows.

The final loop: for i in range(7):

This loop iterates over the rows of the matrix.

For each row, the print(*a[i]) statement prints the elements of that row separated by spaces.

Overall, this code generates a 7x7 matrix filled with spaces and stars according to the conditions specified, and then prints the matrix row by row.

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Python pattern challenge - Day 6

 

# Function to print swastika

def swastika(row,col):

for i in range(row):

for j in range(col): 

# checking if i < row/2

if(i < row // 2): 

# checking if j<col/2

if (j < col // 2): 

# print '*' if j=0

if (j == 0):

print("*", end = "")

# else print space

else:

print(" ", end = " ")

# check if j=col/2 

elif (j == col // 2):

print(" *", end = "")

else:

# if i=0 then first row will have '*'

if (i == 0):

print(" *", end = "")

elif (i == row // 2):

print("* ", end = "")

else: 

# middle column and last column will 

# have '*' after i > row/2

if (j == col // 2 or j == col - 1):

print("* ", end = "")

# last row

elif (i == row - 1): 

# last row will be have '*' if 

# j <= col/2 or if it is last column

if (j <= col // 2 or j == col - 1):

print("* ", end = "")

else:

print(" ", end = " ")

else:

print(" ", end = " ")

print()

# Driver code

# odd number of row and column

# to get perfect swastika

row = 7; col = 7

# Function calling

swastika(row, col)

#clcoding.com

*     * * * *
*     *
*     *
* * * * * * * 
      *     * 
      *     * 
* * * *     * 

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Python Coding challenge - Day 156 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code:

def outer_function(x):

    def inner_function(y):

        return x + y

    return inner_function

result = outer_function(5)(3)

print(result)

Solution and Explanation: 

This code defines a Python function outer_function that takes a parameter x. Inside outer_function, there's another function defined called inner_function, which takes a parameter y.

inner_function simply returns the sum of x and y.

outer_function itself returns inner_function, effectively creating a closure where inner_function retains access to the x value passed to outer_function.

The last three lines of the code demonstrate how to use this function.

outer_function(5) is called, which returns inner_function where x is now set to 5.

Then, (3) is passed to this returned inner_function, effectively adding 3 to the x value set previously (5), resulting in 8.

Finally, the result, 8, is printed.

So, the output of this code would be: 8

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