Coral Torus Bloom Pattern using Python

 

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

u=np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,100)

v=np.linspace(0,2*np.pi,100)

u,v=np.meshgrid(u,v)

R=1

r=0.3

bloom=0.1*np.sin(5*u)*np.cos(7*v)

x=(R+r*np.cos(v)+bloom)*np.cos(u)

y=(R+r*np.cos(v)+bloom)*np.sin(u)

z=r*np.sin(v)+bloom

fig=plt.figure(figsize=(6,6))

ax=fig.add_subplot(111,projection='3d')

ax.set_facecolor('black')

surface = ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, cmap='plasma', edgecolor='none', alpha=0.95)

ax.set_xlim([-1.5,1.5])

ax.set_ylim([-1.5,1.5])

ax.set_zlim([-1.5,1.5])

ax.axis('off')

fig.colorbar(surface,shrink=0.5,aspect=10)

plt.title('Coral Torus Bloom',color='white',fontsize=18)

plt.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Importing Required Libraries

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

numpy (as np): Used for numerical operations and array manipulations.

matplotlib.pyplot (as plt): Used for plotting 2D/3D graphics.

Axes3D: Enables 3D plotting in matplotlib.

2. Creating Meshgrid Parameters

u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

v = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

u, v = np.meshgrid(u, v)

u and v: Arrays of 100 values evenly spaced from 0 to 

2π, representing angles.

meshgrid: Creates 2D coordinate grids from u and v for parameterizing a surface.

3. Defining Torus Parameters and Surface Perturbation

R = 1     

r = 0.3   

bloom = 0.1 * np.sin(5 * u) * np.cos(7 * v)

R: Major radius (distance from center of tube to center of torus).

r: Minor radius (radius of the tube).

bloom: A sinusoidal perturbation to add organic "bloom" effects to the torus surface, like coral growth.

4. Parametric Equations of the Deformed Torus

x = (R + r * np.cos(v) + bloom) * np.cos(u)

y = (R + r * np.cos(v) + bloom) * np.sin(u)

z = r * np.sin(v) + bloom

These are the parametric equations of a torus modified by the bloom effect:

x=(R+rcos(v)+bloom)cos(u)

y=(R+rcos(v)+bloom)sin(u)

z=rsin(v)+bloom

5. Creating the 3D Plot

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

fig: Creates a new figure window of size 6x6 inches.

ax: Adds a 3D subplot to the figure.

6. Plot Settings and Aesthetics

ax.set_facecolor('black')

surface = ax.plot_surface(x, y, z, cmap='plasma', edgecolor='none', alpha=0.95)

ax.set_facecolor: Sets the background of the 3D plot to black.

plot_surface: Plots the deformed torus surface with:

cmap='plasma': Color map for surface coloring.

edgecolor='none': No mesh lines.

alpha=0.95: Slight transparency.

7. Setting Plot Limits and Hiding Axes

ax.set_xlim([-1.5, 1.5])

ax.set_ylim([-1.5, 1.5])

ax.set_zlim([-1.5, 1.5])

ax.axis('off')

These limit the 3D view range for x, y, z axes and hide the axis grid and ticks for a cleaner look.

8. Adding Colorbar and Title

fig.colorbar(surface, shrink=0.5, aspect=10)

plt.title("Coral Torus Bloom", color='white', fontsize=18)

Adds a color bar to indicate surface value mappings.

Sets the title of the plot with white text.

9. Displaying the Plot

plt.show()

Renders the final 3D visualization.

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3D Simulated Fireball using Python

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

n = 5000

r = np.random.rand(n) ** 0.5  

theta = np.random.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, n)

phi = np.random.uniform(0, np.pi, n)

x = r * np.sin(phi) * np.cos(theta)

y = r * np.sin(phi) * np.sin(theta)

z = r * np.cos(phi)

intensity = 1 - rs

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

sc = ax.scatter(x, y, z, c=intensity, cmap='hot', s=2, alpha=0.8)

ax.set_title("3D Simulated Fireball")

ax.set_xlabel("X")

ax.set_ylabel("Y")

ax.set_zlabel("Z")

ax.set_box_aspect([1, 1, 1])

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Import Required Libraries

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

from mpl_toolkits.mplot3d import Axes3D

numpy: For math operations and random number generation.

matplotlib.pyplot: For plotting.

Axes3D: Enables 3D plotting using matplotlib.

2. Define Parameters and Generate Random Points in Spherical Coordinates

n = 5000  # Number of particles in the fireball

r = np.random.rand(n) ** 0.5  

Generates 5000 random radii from the origin.

** 0.5 makes particles denser toward the center, like a real fireball.

3. Generate Random Angular Coordinates

theta = np.random.uniform(0, 2 * np.pi, n)

phi = np.random.uniform(0, np.pi, n)

theta: Random azimuthal angle around the Z-axis (0 to 2π).

phi: Polar angle from the vertical axis (0 to π).

4. Convert Spherical to Cartesian Coordinates

x = r * np.sin(phi) * np.cos(theta)

y = r * np.sin(phi) * np.sin(theta)

z = r * np.cos(phi)

Converts spherical (r, theta, phi) to 3D Cartesian coordinates (x, y, z) to plot in 3D space.

5. Define Fireball Intensity (Brighter at Core)

intensity = 1 - r

Points closer to the center (r ≈ 0) are brighter (intensity ≈ 1).

Points near the edge fade out (intensity ≈ 0).

6. Set Up 3D Plotting Area

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

Sets up a 3D subplot with a square figure size.

7. Plot the Fireball with Color Mapping

sc = ax.scatter(x, y, z, c=intensity, cmap='hot', s=2, alpha=0.8)

scatter: Plots all points in 3D.

c=intensity: Colors depend on how close the point is to the center.

cmap='hot': Uses a red-orange-yellow gradient like real fire.

s=2: Small point size for a glowing cluster.

alpha=0.8: Slight transparency for blending.

8. Add Labels and Aesthetics

ax.set_title("3D Simulated Fireball")

ax.set_xlabel("X")

ax.set_ylabel("Y")

ax.set_zlabel("Z")

ax.set_box_aspect([1, 1, 1])

Title and axis labels.

set_box_aspect([1, 1, 1]): Ensures equal scaling in all directions (spherical symmetry).

9. Show the Plot

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

tight_layout(): Adjusts spacing.

show(): Displays the final plot.

 

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Python Coding challenge - Day 471| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 Code Explanation:

 Line 1 – Create an empty list

funcs = []

Initializes an empty list named funcs.

This list will be used to store functions (lambdas).

 Lines 2–3 – Append lambdas inside a loop

for i in range(3):

    funcs.append(lambda: i)

range(3) gives i = 0, 1, 2

Each time, a lambda function is created and added to the list.

BUT: The lambda captures i by reference, not value.

This means all the lambdas share the same i, which changes during each loop iteration.

After the loop ends, i = 2, and all lambdas "remember" that final value.

 Line 4 – Call all stored functions

results = [f() for f in funcs]

This calls each lambda in funcs.

Since all lambdas reference the same variable i, and i == 2 after the loop:

Each f() returns 2

 Line 5 – Print the result

print(results)

Output:

[2, 2, 2]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 481| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

1. try Block

try:

    1 / 0  # This raises a ZeroDivisionError

The code in the try block attempts to divide 1 by 0, which causes a ZeroDivisionError to be raised.

At this point, the program jumps to the except block to handle the exception.

2. except Block

except ZeroDivisionError:

    return 1  # This will be executed when the exception is raised

Since a ZeroDivisionError was raised, this block is executed.

return 1 is executed, and the function tries to return 1 immediately.

3. finally Block

finally:

    return 2  # This will always be executed, even if there's a return in the try/except

The finally block is always executed, whether or not an exception was raised or handled.

In this case, even though return 1 was about to return from the except block, the finally block overrides it because a return statement in the finally block always takes precedence.

What Happens in the End?

The function initially tries to return 1 from the except block.

However, the finally block executes next and forces the function to return 2, overriding the 1 that was previously returned.

Output:

2

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Python Coding challenge - Day 480| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

Function Definition

def f(x, acc=[]):

    acc.append(x)

    if x > 0:

        return f(x - 1, acc)

    return sum(acc)

Parameters:

x: An integer passed to the function.

acc: A mutable default argument (list), which accumulates values during recursion.

Initial Call: f(3)

When f(3) is called:

x = 3, and the default list acc = [] is used since no other list is provided.

3 is appended to acc, so acc = [3].

The condition x > 0 is true, so the function calls f(2, [3]).

Second Call: f(2, [3])

x = 2, and the list acc = [3] is passed.

2 is appended to acc, so acc = [3, 2].

The condition x > 0 is still true, so the function calls f(1, [3, 2]).

Third Call: f(1, [3, 2])

x = 1, and the list acc = [3, 2] is passed.

1 is appended to acc, so acc = [3, 2, 1].

The condition x > 0 is still true, so the function calls f(0, [3, 2, 1]).

Fourth Call: f(0, [3, 2, 1])

x = 0, and the list acc = [3, 2, 1] is passed.

0 is appended to acc, so acc = [3, 2, 1, 0].

The condition x > 0 is false, so it returns the sum of the list acc, which is sum([3, 2, 1, 0]) = 6.

Final Return Value

The function returns 6, and the final output is printed as:

6

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3D Parametric Shell Surface using Python

 

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

a = 1

b = 0.2

u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

v = np.linspace(0, 4 * np.pi, 100)

u, v = np.meshgrid(u, v)

X = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.cos(v) * np.cos(u)

Y = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.cos(v) * np.sin(u)

Z = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.sin(v) + b * u

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(6, 6))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap='magma', edgecolor='k', alpha=0.9)

ax.set_title("3D Parametric Shell Surface")

ax.set_xlabel("X axis")

ax.set_ylabel("Y axis")

ax.set_zlabel("Z axis")

ax.set_box_aspect([1, 1, 1])

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Import Libraries

import numpy as np

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

numpy: Used for numerical computations and creating arrays.

 matplotlib.pyplot: Used for plotting 2D and 3D visualizations.

 2. Define Constants for Shape Control

a = 1

b = 0.2

a: Controls the overall scale of the shell surface.

 b: Adds a vertical twist/extension as the surface rotates.

 3. Create Parameter Grids (u and v)

u = np.linspace(0, 2 * np.pi, 100)

v = np.linspace(0, 4 * np.pi, 100)

u, v = np.meshgrid(u, v)

u: Angle around the circular cross-section (like the shell's rim).

 v: Controls the spiral motion (shell’s growth).

 np.meshgrid: Creates a grid for evaluating parametric equations over 2D domains.

 4. Define Parametric Equations

X = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.cos(v) * np.cos(u)

Y = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.cos(v) * np.sin(u)

Z = a * (1 - v / (2 * np.pi)) * np.sin(v) + b * u

These equations generate a spiraling and shrinking shell surface:

 X and Y: Determine the radial coordinates; they shrink over v.

 Z: Adds a vertical twist via b * u, and height via sin(v).

 The structure gets smaller as v increases, mimicking how a shell tightens inward.

 5. Set Up 3D Plotting

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(10, 8))

ax = fig.add_subplot(111, projection='3d')

Initializes a 3D plot.

 figsize=(10, 8): Sets the size of the figure.

 6. Plot the Shell Surface

ax.plot_surface(X, Y, Z, cmap='magma', edgecolor='k', alpha=0.9)

plot_surface: Draws the parametric surface in 3D.

 cmap='magma': Uses a vibrant color map.

 edgecolor='k': Adds black edges for clarity.

 alpha=0.9: Slight transparency for smoother visuals.

  7. Customize Plot Appearance

ax.set_title("3D Parametric Shell Surface")

ax.set_xlabel("X axis")

ax.set_ylabel("Y axis")

ax.set_zlabel("Z axis")

ax.set_box_aspect([1, 1, 1])

Adds axis labels and title.

 8. Display the Plot

plt.tight_layout()

plt.show()

tight_layout(): Avoids label overlaps.

 show(): Renders the 3D plot.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 479| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

 Step 1: make_multipliers() creates lambdas in a loop

[lambda x: x * i for i in range(3)]

At each iteration, a lambda is added to the list.

But all lambdas capture the same variable i, which keeps changing in the loop.

After the loop ends, i = 2, so all lambdas refer to i = 2.

Step 2: Store in funcs

Now funcs is a list of 3 lambdas, each of which does:

lambda x: x * i  # where i is 2 for all of them

Step 3: Call each lambda with x = 2

results = [f(2) for f in funcs]

Each f is essentially:

lambda x: x * 2

So all return 2 * 2 = 4.

Output

[4, 4, 4]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 478| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

Step 1: Define adder(n)

adder is a higher-order function that returns a lambda.

The lambda takes an input x and returns x + n.

Step 2: Create add5

add5 = adder(5)

This creates a function:

lambda x: x + 5

Step 3: Create add10

add10 = adder(10)

This creates a function:

lambda x: x + 10

Step 4: Call the functions

add5(3) → 3 + 5 = 8  

add10(3) → 3 + 10 = 13

Output

8 13

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Python for Everyone: Coding, Data Science & ML Essentials syllabus

 

Week 1: Introduction to Coding and Python

Topic: Introduction to coding and Python
Details:

• Overview of programming concepts and Python's significance

• Installing Python and setting up the development environment

• Introduction to IDEs like PyCharm, VS Code, or Jupyter Notebooks

---

Week 2: Variables and Data Types

Topic: Understanding variables and data types
Details:

• Variables: Naming conventions and assignment

• Data types: strings, integers, floats, and booleans

• Simple calculations and printing output

---

Week 3: User Interaction

Topic: Using the input() function for user interaction
Details:

• Reading user input

• Converting input types

• Using input in simple programs

---

Week 4: Decision Making with If-Else Statements

Topic: Basic if-else statements for decision-making
Details:

• Syntax and structure of if, elif, and else

• Nested if-else statements

• Practical examples and exercises

---

Week 5: Introduction to Loops

Topic: Introduction to loops for repetitive tasks
Details:

• While loops: syntax and use cases

• For loops: syntax and use cases

• Loop control statements: break, continue, and pass

• Simple loop exercises

---

Week 6: Functions and Code Organization

Topic: Introduction to functions
Details:

• Definition and syntax of functions

• Parameters and return values

• The importance of functions in organizing code

---

Week 7: Built-in and User-Defined Functions

Topic: Exploring built-in functions and creating user-defined functions
Details:

• Common built-in functions in Python

• Creating and using user-defined functions

• Scope and lifetime of variables

---

Week 8: Working with Lists

Topic: Understanding and using lists
Details:

• Creating and modifying lists

• List indexing and slicing

• Common list operations (append, remove, pop, etc.)

• List comprehensions

---

Week 9: String Manipulation

Topic: Introduction to string manipulation
Details:

• String slicing and indexing

• String concatenation and formatting

• Common string methods (split, join, replace, etc.)

---

Week 10: Recap and Practice

Topic: Recap and practice exercises
Details:

• Review of previous topics

• Practice exercises and mini-projects

• Q&A session for clarification of doubts

---

Week 11: Introduction to Dictionaries

Topic: Working with dictionaries for key-value data storage
Details:

• Creating and accessing dictionaries

• Dictionary methods and operations (keys, values, items, etc.)

• Practical examples and exercises

---

Week 12: Working with Files

Topic: Reading and writing data to files
Details:

• File handling modes (read, write, append)

• Reading from and writing to files

• Practical file handling exercises

---

Week 13: Exceptions and Error Handling

Topic: Introduction to exceptions and error handling
Details:

• Understanding exceptions

• Try, except, else, and finally blocks

• Raising exceptions

• Practical error handling exercises

---

Week 14: Introduction to Object-Oriented Programming

Topic: Basic introduction to OOP
Details:

• Understanding classes and objects

• Creating classes and objects

• Attributes and methods

• Practical examples of OOP concepts

---

Week 15: Final Recap and Practice

Topic: Recap and practice exercises
Details:

• Comprehensive review of all topics

• Advanced practice exercises and projects

• Final Q&A and course completion

---

📊 Data Science & Machine Learning Extension

Week 16: Introduction to Data Science & Jupyter Notebooks

Topic: Getting started with Data Science
Details:

• What is Data Science?

• Setting up Jupyter Notebooks

• Introduction to NumPy and Pandas

• Loading and inspecting data

---

Week 17: Data Manipulation with Pandas

Topic: Data wrangling and cleaning
Details:

• DataFrames and Series

• Reading/writing CSV, Excel

• Handling missing data

• Filtering, sorting, grouping data

---

Week 18: Data Visualization

Topic: Exploring data visually
Details:

• Plotting with Matplotlib

• Advanced visuals using Seaborn

• Histograms, scatter plots, box plots

• Customizing graphs for insights

---

Week 19: Introduction to Machine Learning

Topic: Machine Learning fundamentals
Details:

• What is ML? Types of ML (Supervised, Unsupervised)

• Scikit-learn basics

• Splitting data into training/testing sets

• Evaluation metrics (accuracy, precision, recall)

---

Week 20: Building Your First ML Model

Topic: Creating a classification model
Details:

• Logistic Regression or Decision Trees

• Model training and prediction

• Evaluating model performance

• Model improvement basics

---

Week 21: Capstone Project & Course Wrap-up

Topic: Apply what you’ve learned
Details:

• Real-world data project (e.g., Titanic, Iris, or custom dataset)

• Full pipeline: load → clean → visualize → model → evaluate

• Presentation and peer review

• Final certification and next steps

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Python Coding challenge - Day 477| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

1. Function make_funcs()

return [lambda: i for i in range(3)]

This creates a list of 3 lambda functions: lambda: i

All these lambdas refer to the same variable i, not its value at that time.

In the list comprehension, i goes from 0 → 1 → 2, but each lambda still just says "return i".

Important: Lambdas capture i by reference, not by value.

That means they all share the final value of i.

2. After make_funcs() is called:

funcs = make_funcs()

funcs is now a list of 3 lambda functions.

All of them will return the current value of i when they're called.

By the end of the loop, i == 2.

3. Calling the lambdas:

results = [f() for f in funcs]

Each lambda is called:

f1() → returns 2

f2() → returns 2

f3() → returns 2

Final Output:

[2, 2, 2]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 476| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 Code Explanation:

1. Define the generator function:

def gen():

    val = yield 1

    yield val * 2

This generator yields two values:

First, it yields 1.

Then, it waits for a value to be sent in, assigns it to val, and yields val * 2.

2. Create the generator object:

g = gen()

Now g is a generator object.

3. Start the generator:

print(next(g))

This starts the generator and runs it until the first yield, which is yield 1.

It outputs 1, and pauses at val = yield 1, waiting for a value to be sent into it.

Output so far:

1

4. Send a value into the generator:

print(g.send(10))

This resumes the generator and sends 10 into the paused yield expression.

So val = 10.

The next line yield val * 2 becomes yield 20.

Output:

20

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Python Coding challenge - Day 475| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

 1. Importing the decimal Module

from decimal import Decimal, getcontext

Decimal is used for high-precision decimal arithmetic, avoiding float inaccuracies.

getcontext() accesses the current decimal arithmetic settings, such as precision.

 2. Setting Precision

getcontext().prec = 4

Sets the precision of decimal operations to 4 significant digits (not decimal places).

This affects how many total digits (before + after decimal) the results can retain.

Important: this doesn't round the final printed value like round() — it controls internal calculation precision.

3. Division with Precision

x = Decimal(1) / Decimal(7)

Performs the division 1 ÷ 7 with Decimal precision of 4 digits.

Result: Decimal('0.1429') (rounded to 4 significant digits)

4. Multiplying and Converting

print(int(x * 1000))

x ≈ 0.1429

Multiply by 1000: 0.1429 * 1000 = 142.9

Convert to int: truncates decimal → 142

 Final Output

142

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Python Coding challenge - Day 474| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

1. Function Definition

def f(n):

This defines a function f that takes one argument n.

It is intended to compute the factorial of n recursively.

2. Base Case for Recursion

    if n == 0: return 1

If n is 0, the function returns 1.

This is the base case of the recursion.

0! = 1 by mathematical definition.

3. Recursive Case

    return n * f(n - 1)

If n > 0, the function returns n * f(n - 1).

This is the recursive step: it multiplies n by the factorial of n-1.

For example, f(3) returns 3 * f(2), which returns 3 * 2 * f(1) → and so on until f(0).

4. Function Call and Result Conversion

print(len(str(f(20))))

This calls the function with n = 20, so f(20) computes 20! (20 factorial).

20! = 2432902008176640000

Then str(...) converts the result to a string: "2432902008176640000"

len(...) gets the number of characters (digits) in the string.

Final Output

The number of digits in 20! is 19.

>>> print(len(str(f(20))))

19

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Python Coding challenge - Day 473| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

Importing defaultdict:

defaultdict(int) creates a dictionary where the default value for any key that doesn't exist is 0 (since int() gives 0).

The String "banana":

The string "banana" consists of the following characters: b, a, n, a, n, a.

Looping through "banana":

The loop iterates through each character in the string "banana" and increments its corresponding count in the freq dictionary.

Here’s how the dictionary evolves during the loop:

For the first character b, the default value is 0, so freq['b'] becomes 1.

For the second character a, the default value is 0, so freq['a'] becomes 1.

For the third character n, the default value is 0, so freq['n'] becomes 1.

For the fourth character a, freq['a'] is already 1, so it's incremented to 2.

For the fifth character n, freq['n'] is already 1, so it's incremented to 2.

For the sixth character a, freq['a'] is already 2, so it's incremented to 3.

Printing freq['a'] and freq['n']:

After the loop, the frequency count of the characters is:

'a' appears 3 times

'n' appears 2 times

So, freq['a'] = 3 and freq['n'] = 2.

Output:

3 2

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Python Coding challenge - Day 472| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

Importing reduce:

The reduce() function is part of the functools module. It is used to apply a binary function (a function that takes two arguments) cumulatively to the items of an iterable, from left to right, reducing the iterable to a single value.

The Iterable (numbers):

The iterable in this case is the list numbers = [1, 2, 3, 4].

The Function (lambda x, y: x + y):

A lambda function is defined, which takes two arguments (x and y) and returns the sum (x + y). This is the function that reduce() will apply cumulatively to the elements in the list.

How reduce() Works:

First iteration:

x = 1, y = 2 (first two elements in the list)

The lambda function is applied: 1 + 2 = 3

Second iteration:

x = 3 (result from the previous iteration), y = 3 (next element in the list)

The lambda function is applied: 3 + 3 = 6

Third iteration:

x = 6 (result from the previous iteration), y = 4 (next element in the list)

The lambda function is applied: 6 + 4 = 10

Final Result:

After all the iterations, the final result is 10, which is the sum of all the numbers in the list.

Output:

10

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Python Coding challenge - Day 470| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

 Function Definition with a Mutable Default Argument

def f(key, val, d={}):

    d[key] = val

    return d

A function f is defined with three parameters: key, val, and d (defaulting to an empty dictionary {}).

Important: In Python, default values are evaluated only once, at the time the function is defined, not each time it's called.

So d={} creates one shared dictionary used across calls that don't provide a new one.

First Call: f('a', 1)

f('a', 1)

key='a', val=1, d uses the default value {}.

Adds 'a': 1 to d, so now:

d = {'a': 1}

Second Call: f('b', 2)

f('b', 2)

key='b', val=2, again uses the same default dictionary d.

Adds 'b': 2, so now:

d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2}

Third Call and Final Output

print(f('c', 3)['a'])

key='c', val=3, again uses the same shared dictionary.

Adds 'c': 3, so now:

d = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}

Then f('c', 3)['a'] retrieves the value of key 'a' → 1

 Final Output

1

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Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate

 

In an age where almost every business has a digital presence, the demand for skilled digital marketers and e-commerce professionals is booming. But getting started in the field can be overwhelming — especially if you don’t have a background in marketing or a college degree. That’s where the Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate comes in. Designed for beginners and career changers, this online certification offers a direct, flexible, and affordable pathway into one of the most in-demand industries today.

This program is tailored to help learners gain real-world, job-ready skills in digital marketing and online sales — from running search ads to managing online stores. It’s practical, easy to follow, and fully remote, making it ideal for anyone looking to upskill on their own schedule.

What Is This Certificate and Who Is It For?

The Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Certificate is part of Google’s growing catalog of professional certificates aimed at closing the digital skills gap. This program specifically focuses on foundational knowledge in digital marketing, social media strategy, email campaigns, and e-commerce management. It requires no prior experience or academic background, which means it’s accessible to virtually anyone — whether you’re a fresh graduate, a stay-at-home parent returning to the workforce, or someone looking to pivot into a new career.

The course is self-paced, takes about six months to complete if you study around 10 hours a week, and costs approximately $49 per month (as part of Coursera’s subscription model). By the end of it, you’ll have not only a Google-recognized certificate but also a set of practical skills and tools you can showcase to employers through a professional portfolio.

What You'll Learn — A Course-by-Course Breakdown

This certificate is made up of seven courses, each designed to build your understanding step by step. The journey starts with a broad overview and gradually narrows into specific digital marketing tactics and tools.

The first course, Foundations of Digital Marketing and E-commerce, sets the stage by explaining key concepts like the marketing funnel, customer lifecycle, and the various roles within a marketing team. It helps you understand how businesses attract and retain customers in the digital age.

Next, you move into Attract and Engage Customers with Digital Marketing, which dives into strategies for reaching audiences through SEO (Search Engine Optimization), paid advertising (SEM), and social media platforms. You'll learn how to create digital content, manage ad budgets, and build targeted campaigns.

As the program progresses, courses like From Likes to Leads and Think Outside the Inbox teach you how to build online relationships, run effective email campaigns, and keep customers engaged. You’ll get hands-on with tools like Mailchimp and Canva to create polished, professional marketing materials.

You’ll also learn to analyze campaign performance in Assess for Success, where Google Analytics takes center stage. By the end of this course, you’ll understand how to measure reach, conversions, and ROI — and how to adjust campaigns based on real-time data.

The final two courses focus on the e-commerce side. In Make the Sale, you’ll explore how to build and manage online stores using platforms like Shopify. And in Satisfaction Guaranteed, you’ll study customer service best practices and learn how to retain buyers through loyalty programs and post-sale support.

Tools and Skills You’ll Master

What sets this program apart is its emphasis on real-world tools. You won't just learn about digital marketing in theory; you'll work with platforms that professionals use every day. Some of the key tools you’ll be introduced to include:

Google Ads and Google Analytics for advertising and web tracking

Shopify and WooCommerce for building and managing online stores

Mailchimp for email marketing

Hootsuite and Canva for social media content and scheduling

Tools for customer support and satisfaction analysis like Zendesk

You’ll also build foundational soft skills like problem-solving, attention to detail, project planning, and customer-centric thinking — all of which are crucial in the marketing world.

 Job Opportunities and Career Outcomes

By completing the certificate, you’ll be qualified for a range of entry-level roles, such as:

Digital Marketing Coordinator

Social Media Manager (Junior Level)

Email Marketing Associate

E-commerce Specialist

Marketing Assistant

Paid Search Analyst

Google also offers access to a job platform where certificate graduates can connect with over 150+ employers, including big names in tech, retail, media, and more. Even better, the certificate shows up as a credential on your LinkedIn profile and resume, giving you a major credibility boost as a job applicant.

Pros and Cons

Like any course, the Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Certificate has its strengths and limitations. On the plus side, it's extremely beginner-friendly, affordable, and packed with hands-on projects that help build a real portfolio. It also comes with the trusted Google brand, which gives it an edge over many lesser-known online certifications.

However, it's not a magic bullet. The course won’t offer live mentorship, one-on-one feedback, or advanced specialization in areas like UX design or paid media analytics. And while the certificate helps you qualify for jobs, it’s still up to you to put the knowledge into action — by networking, building a portfolio, and applying for roles.

Join Free : Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate

Conclusion:

The Google Digital Marketing & E-commerce Professional Certificate stands out as a highly practical, accessible, and industry-recognized entry point into the fast-growing world of digital business. Whether you want to land your first marketing job, launch your own online store, or simply build a skill set that’s relevant in nearly every modern industry, this course offers a clear and effective pathway.

Its blend of theoretical foundations, real-world tools, and hands-on projects ensures you're not just learning concepts, but actually practicing what you’ll be doing in a real job. With no prerequisites and a flexible online format, it’s designed to meet learners wherever they are — in terms of both experience and schedule.

While it may not dive deep into advanced or specialized topics, it more than delivers on its promise of making you job-ready for a variety of entry-level roles in marketing and e-commerce. Plus, the Google brand attached to the certificate adds serious value to your resume and LinkedIn profile.

If you're looking for a reliable, affordable, and career-oriented way to start in digital marketing or e-commerce, this certificate is not just a course — it’s a launchpad.

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Python Polars: The Definitive Guide: Transforming, Analyzing, and Visualizing Data with a Fast and Expressive DataFrame API

 

Python Polars: The Definitive Guide

Transforming, Analyzing, and Visualizing Data with a Fast and Expressive DataFrame API

In the ever-evolving world of data science, speed and efficiency are becoming just as important as accuracy and flexibility. For years, Pandas has been the go-to library for DataFrame operations in Python. However, as datasets have grown larger and workflows more complex, limitations in speed and scalability have started to show. This is where Polars steps in — a modern, blazing-fast DataFrame library designed from the ground up for performance and expressiveness.

"Python Polars: The Definitive Guide" offers a comprehensive walkthrough of this exciting technology, teaching users how to transform, analyze, and visualize data more efficiently than ever before.

What is Polars?

Polars is a next-generation DataFrame library that focuses on speed, parallelism, and memory efficiency. Written in Rust — a systems programming language known for its performance and safety — Polars offers an intuitive and powerful Python API. Unlike Pandas, which operates mostly single-threaded and can choke on large datasets, Polars is built for multi-threaded execution. It handles large-scale data processing tasks with ease, whether you are working on a laptop or scaling up to a distributed environment.

Polars supports both lazy and eager evaluation modes, meaning you can either execute operations immediately (like Pandas) or build complex computation graphs that optimize execution at runtime (like Spark). This flexibility makes Polars suitable for a wide range of use cases, from small-scale data manipulation to massive data engineering pipelines.

Why Choose Polars Over Pandas?

While Pandas remains an excellent tool for many tasks, it was designed for datasets that fit comfortably in memory and for single-threaded use. As modern datasets often exceed these limitations, many users encounter performance bottlenecks.

Polars addresses these challenges by offering:

Speed: Written in Rust, Polars can outperform Pandas by orders of magnitude in many operations.

Parallelism: It automatically utilizes multiple CPU cores without extra effort from the user.

Memory Efficiency: Optimized data structures and zero-copy operations ensure minimal memory usage.

Lazy Evaluation: Optimizes query plans and minimizes redundant computation.

Consistent API: An expressive and chainable syntax that feels familiar yet cleaner compared to Pandas.

In short, if you're working with larger-than-memory datasets, need faster execution, or simply want a more scalable data manipulation framework, Polars is a compelling choice.

Core Features of Polars Covered in the Book

"Python Polars: The Definitive Guide" systematically breaks down Polars into digestible sections, covering all the critical functionalities you need to know:

1. Eager and Lazy APIs

The book explains both eager mode (immediate execution, great for exploration) and lazy mode (deferred execution, ideal for optimization).

You'll learn how to choose between the two depending on your workflow and how to build efficient, scalable data pipelines using lazy operations.

2. Powerful Data Transformations

Polars excels at complex data transformations — from simple filtering, aggregation, and joins to window functions, pivoting, and reshaping.

The guide teaches you to perform common and advanced transformations elegantly, leveraging Polars’ expressive syntax and built-in functions.

3. Efficient Data Ingestion and Export

You'll discover how to quickly read and write data in various formats, including CSV, Parquet, JSON, and IPC.

Polars’ I/O capabilities are built for speed and optimized for handling millions of rows without performance degradation.

4. GroupBy Operations and Aggregations

Grouping and summarizing data is a breeze in Polars. The book shows how to perform groupby, multi-aggregation, rolling windows, and dynamic windows effectively, all while maintaining excellent performance.

5. Advanced Expressions and UDFs

Learn how to use Polars Expressions to build powerful, composable queries.

When built-in functionality isn't enough, you can define user-defined functions (UDFs) that integrate seamlessly with Polars' expression system.

6. Time Series and DateTime Handling

The guide covers time-aware data handling:

Working with DateTime, Duration, and Timedelta data types, resampling, and time-based filtering becomes intuitive and extremely fast in Polars.

7. Data Visualization Integration

Although Polars itself doesn’t directly offer plotting, the book teaches how to easily integrate Polars with visualization libraries like Matplotlib, Seaborn, and Plotly.

By doing so, you can manipulate large datasets in Polars and visualize summaries and trends effortlessly.

Real-World Applications of Polars

"Python Polars: The Definitive Guide" doesn’t stop at theory. It includes real-world examples that demonstrate how Polars can be used in practical scenarios:

Large-Scale ETL Pipelines: Ingest, clean, and transform billions of records efficiently.

Financial Data Analysis: Process and analyze massive amounts of stock, cryptocurrency, and trading data in seconds.

Scientific Computing: Handle large experimental datasets for genomics, physics, and environmental sciences.

Machine Learning Pipelines: Preprocess large training datasets with minimal latency.

Business Intelligence: Build dashboards and analytical reports by transforming data at lightning speed.

Who Should Read This Book?

Data Scientists who want faster, scalable alternatives to Pandas.

Data Engineers building ETL workflows and big data processing pipelines.

Python Developers interested in high-performance data manipulation.

Researchers and Analysts handling large volumes of experimental or financial data.

Students looking to future-proof their data handling skills in a performance-obsessed world.

Whether you are a beginner with basic knowledge of data frames or an experienced practitioner tired of Pandas bottlenecks, this book equips you with everything you need to master Polars.

Kindle : Python Polars: The Definitive Guide: Transforming, Analyzing, and Visualizing Data with a Fast and Expressive DataFrame API

Hard Copy : Python Polars: The Definitive Guide: Transforming, Analyzing, and Visualizing Data with a Fast and Expressive DataFrame API

Conclusion: Embrace the Future of DataFrames

Polars is not just another library — it represents a new generation of data processing in Python, focused on speed, scalability, and expressiveness.

"Python Polars: The Definitive Guide" is your passport to this new world, providing you with the skills to manipulate and analyze data with unparalleled efficiency.

In a time when datasets are growing and time is always short, mastering Polars could be the key advantage that sets you apart as a data professional.

This book will not only upgrade your technical toolkit but also expand your thinking about what’s possible in data science and analytics today.

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Introduction to Data Analytics

 Introduction to Data Analytics – A Beginner’s Guide to Making Data-Driven Decisions

In today’s digital age, data is everywhere—from the clicks on a website to transactions in a store, to the posts on social media. But raw data alone doesn’t provide value. The true power of data lies in analytics—the ability to transform data into meaningful insights.

This is where the "Introduction to Data Analytics" course comes in. Designed for beginners, this foundational course helps you understand how to work with data, ask the right questions, and make informed decisions across industries.

 What is Data Analytics?

Data analytics is the process of collecting, cleaning, analyzing, and interpreting data to extract useful information, detect patterns, and support decision-making.

There are four main types of data analytics:

Descriptive – What happened?

Diagnostic – Why did it happen?

Predictive – What will happen?

Prescriptive – What should we do about it?

This course primarily focuses on descriptive and diagnostic analytics—the building blocks of data fluency.

About the Course

"Introduction to Data Analytics" is a beginner-level course designed to teach the core concepts, tools, and workflows used in analyzing data. It typically includes hands-on practice using industry tools and real datasets.

Ideal For:

Students exploring careers in data

Business professionals seeking data literacy

Marketers, HR analysts, finance teams, and more

Course Structure & Topics

1. Foundations of Data Analytics

What is data analytics?

• Importance of data in business
• Data vs. information vs. insights
• Real-world applications in finance, healthcare, marketing, and logistics

2. Types & Sources of Data

• Structured vs. unstructured data
• Quantitative vs. qualitative data
• Internal data (e.g., sales) vs. external data (e.g., market trends)
• Data collection methods: surveys, sensors, databases, APIs

3. The Data Analysis Process

• Ask: Define the problem or question
• Prepare: Gather and clean the data
• Process: Explore and structure data
• Analyze: Use tools to identify trends and relationships
• Share: Present findings clearly
• Act: Make decisions based on analysis

4. Data Cleaning & Preparation

• Handling missing values
• Filtering outliers
• Data formatting and normalization
• Introduction to tools like Excel, Google Sheets, and SQL

5. Introduction to Data Tools

• Spreadsheets: Excel/Google Sheets basics
• SQL: Simple queries to retrieve data
• Data visualization: Introduction to Tableau or Power BI
• Optional: Python or R for data analysis

6. Basic Statistics for Analysis

• Mean, median, mode
• Variance and standard deviation
• Correlation vs. causation
• Visual tools: histograms, scatter plots, box plots

7. Communicating Data Insights

• Data storytelling: the "so what?"
• Visualizing data effectively (charts, graphs, dashboards)
• Presenting to non-technical stakeholders

Why Data Analytics Matters

Better Decisions: Organizations use data to drive everything from pricing to hiring to marketing strategies.

Career Opportunities: Data skills are in high demand across nearly all industries.

Competitive Advantage: Companies that analyze data well outperform those that rely on intuition alone.

Efficiency: Analytics improves operational performance and reduces waste.

Real-World Applications

Marketing: Analyzing campaign performance and customer behavior

Retail: Forecasting demand and managing inventory

Healthcare: Tracking patient outcomes and optimizing treatments

Finance: Fraud detection, risk modeling, and investment analysis

HR: Predicting employee turnover and optimizing hiring

Key Takeaways

By the end of the "Introduction to Data Analytics" course, learners will:

• Understand the data analytics process from start to finish
• Be able to clean and analyze simple datasets
• Use basic tools like spreadsheets, SQL, and visualization platforms
• Interpret trends and patterns in data
• Communicate insights effectively to others

Next Steps After This Course

Once you complete this course, you can explore:

Intermediate analytics with Python, R, or Excel

Specialized tools like Tableau, Power BI, or Google Data Studio

Advanced topics like machine learning, big data, and business intelligence

Certifications such as Google Data Analytics, Microsoft Power BI, or AWS Data Analytics

Join Free : Introduction to Data Analytics

Final Thoughts

Learning data analytics is like learning a new language—the language of modern business. With this introductory course, you’ll build a strong foundation that prepares you for more advanced roles and tools in the data world.

Whether you're launching a new career or making better decisions in your current role, data analytics is an essential skill that opens doors and drives results.

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Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science: Python Development with FastAPI

 Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science: Python Development with FastAPI

As artificial intelligence (AI) and data science solutions become increasingly critical to modern businesses, the need for fast, scalable, and easy-to-deploy APIs has never been greater. APIs allow AI and data models to connect with real-world applications — from mobile apps to web dashboards — making them accessible to users and systems across the globe.

"Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science: Python Development with FastAPI" serves as the ultimate guide for building production-ready APIs quickly and efficiently. By combining the power of Python, the speed of FastAPI, and the precision of AI models, this book equips developers, data scientists, and machine learning engineers to expose their models and data pipelines to the world in a robust and scalable way.

Why FastAPI?

In the world of web frameworks, FastAPI has emerged as a true game-changer. Built on top of Starlette for the web parts and Pydantic for the data validation parts, FastAPI offers:

Blazing Speed: One of the fastest frameworks thanks to asynchronous capabilities.

Automatic API Documentation: Generates interactive Swagger and ReDoc docs without extra code.

Type Hints and Validation: Deep integration with Python type hints, ensuring fewer bugs and better developer experience.

Easy Integration with AI/ML Pipelines: Built-in support for JSON serialization, async requests, background tasks, and more — essential for real-world AI serving.

"Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science" teaches you not just how to use FastAPI, but how to optimize it specifically for data science and machine learning applications.

What This Book Covers

"Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science" is structured to take you from basics to advanced deployment strategies. Here’s a breakdown of the key areas covered:

1. Fundamentals of APIs and FastAPI

The book starts with the core concepts behind APIs: what they are, why they matter, and how they serve as a bridge between users and AI models.

It introduces the basics of FastAPI, including setting up your environment, creating your first endpoints, understanding routing, and handling different types of requests (GET, POST, PUT, DELETE).

You’ll learn:

Setting up Python virtual environments

Building your first Hello World API

Sending and receiving JSON data

2. Data Validation and Serialization with Pydantic

One of FastAPI’s secret weapons is Pydantic, which ensures that the data coming into your API is exactly what you expect.

The book dives deep into using Pydantic models for input validation, output schemas, and error handling, ensuring your APIs are safe, predictable, and user-friendly.

Topics include:

Defining request and response models

Automatic data parsing and validation

Handling nested and complex data structures

3. Connecting AI and Data Science Models

This is where the book shines: showing how to take a trained ML model (like a scikit-learn, TensorFlow, or PyTorch model) and expose it through a FastAPI endpoint.

You will build endpoints where users can submit input data and receive predictions in real time.

Real-world examples include:

Serving a spam detection model

Deploying a computer vision image classifier

Predicting house prices from structured data

4. Handling Files, Images, and Large Data

Many data science applications involve uploading images, CSV files, or large datasets.

The book walks you through handling file uploads securely and efficiently, and teaches techniques like background tasks for long-running operations (like large file processing).

Learn how to:

Accept image uploads for prediction

Parse uploaded CSV files

Perform background processing for heavy workloads

5. Authentication, Authorization, and API Security

Security is a major concern when exposing models to the public.

The book covers best practices for authentication (e.g., OAuth2, API Keys, JWT tokens) and authorization to protect your APIs.

Topics include:

Implementing token-based authentication

Securing endpoints

User management basics

6. Building Real-Time APIs with WebSockets

For applications like real-time monitoring, chatbots, or dynamic dashboards, WebSockets are a powerful tool.

This book introduces you to building real-time, bidirectional communication channels in FastAPI, enhancing your AI applications.

7. Testing and Debugging APIs

A solid API is not only functional but also well-tested.

You’ll learn how to write automated tests for your endpoints using Python's pytest and FastAPI’s built-in testing utilities, ensuring reliability before deployment.

8. Deployment Strategies

Finally, you’ll explore how to move from local development to production.

The book guides you through deployment best practices, including setting up Uvicorn, Gunicorn, Docker containers, and even deploying on cloud platforms like AWS, Azure, and GCP.

Deployment topics include:

Running APIs with Uvicorn/Gunicorn

Dockerizing your FastAPI application

Using Nginx as a reverse proxy

Basic cloud deployment workflows

Who Should Read This Book?

• Data Scientists who want to expose models to end users or integrate predictions into applications.
• Machine Learning Engineers looking for scalable, production-ready deployment methods.
• Backend Developers who want to leverage Python for building AI-driven APIs.
• Researchers needing to share ML models easily with collaborators or stakeholders.
• Students and Enthusiasts eager to learn about modern API development and AI integration.
• No prior web development experience is strictly necessary — the book builds from beginner to intermediate concepts seamlessly.

Key Benefits After Reading This Book

• Build production-ready APIs in Python with modern best practices
• Seamlessly serve AI models as real-time web services
• Secure, test, and deploy your APIs with confidence
• Understand async programming, background tasks, and WebSockets
• Create scalable and efficient data science systems accessible to users and applications

Hard Copy : Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science: Python Development with FastAPI

Kindle : Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science: Python Development with FastAPI

Conclusion: Bring Your AI Models to Life

Building great AI models is only half the battle — deploying them for real-world use is where the real value lies.

"Hands-On APIs for AI and Data Science" offers a step-by-step guide to making your AI models accessible, secure, and scalable via FastAPI — one of the fastest-growing frameworks in the Python ecosystem.

If you are serious about taking your machine learning, AI, or data science skills to the next level, this book is your roadmap to doing just that — with speed, clarity, and professional excellence.

Don’t just build models — build products that people can actually use.

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