Introduction to Generative AI (Free Course)

 

What You’ll Learn

Upon completing the module, you’ll be able to:

• Define and locate generative AI within the broader AI/ML spectrum
• Distinguish it from supervised/unsupervised models
• Grasp key concepts like transformers, prompting, and hallucination
• Explore major GenAI model types (LLMs, code generators, diffusion models)
• Discover how to build simple GenAI apps on Google Cloud 

How You’ll Learn

• Videos & readings to build conceptual understanding
• Hands‑on quizzes to test grip on new ideas
• Interactive assignments, totaling just 8 minutes, for instant feedback 
• Practical toolkit for using Google’s AI services

Course Benefits

• Time-efficient – Just about 2 hours total.
• Career-ready – Earn a shareable certificate and build your resume.
• Google Cloud exposure – See how industrial strength models can be harnessed via the cloud.
• Launchpad for specialization – Get a head start on the complete learning path including LLMs, Responsible AI, and more 

Who Should Dive to the Next Level

Learners seeking a deeper technical experience—like LLM internals, model fine‑tuning, or Python-based ML—should explore related advanced Coursera offerings:

• Generative AI with LLMs (AWS-led, intermediate, deeper into transformers and deployment) 
• Microsoft’s Generative AI for Data Analysis, or domain-specific courses like those for code or marketing

Join Certification - Introduction to Generative AI

Free Courses : Introduction to Generative AI

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Python Coding challenge - Day 27 What is the output of the following Python code?

 

Solutions - 

The above code will extend the list x with individual characters from the string '234', resulting in the list x containing each character as a separate element. Here's the code execution step by step:

x = ['1']: Initializes the list x with one element, which is the string '1'.

x.extend('234'): Extends the list x with the characters from the string '234'. After this line of code, the list x will contain the following elements: ['1', '2', '3', '4'].

print(x): Prints the contents of the list x, which will output: ['1', '2', '3', '4']

So, the final result is a list containing the string '1' and the characters '2', '3', and '4' as separate elements.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 26 What is the output of the following Python code?

 

Solutions - 

The above code uses Python's slice notation to extract a portion of the string s using the slice object x. Here's how it works: 

• s = 'clcoding': This line initializes a string variable s with the value 'clcoding'.
• x = slice(1, 4): This line creates a slice object x that specifies a slice from index 1 (inclusive) to index 4 (exclusive). In other words, it selects the characters at positions 1, 2, and 3 in the string s.
• print(s[x]): This line uses the slice object x to extract the characters from the string s according to the specified slice. The characters at positions 1, 2, and 3 in the string 'clcoding' are 'lco', and these characters are printed to the console.

So, when you run the code, it will output: lco

The slice s[x] extracts the characters from index 1 to 3 (4 is exclusive) in the string 'clcoding', which are 'lco'.

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Learn Python Quickly: A Complete Beginner’s Guide to Learning Python, Even If You’re New to Programming: Crash Course with Hands-On Project, Book

FREE Book 📙 

 Looking to learn Python?

Python has gone to be one of the most popular programming languages in the world, and you will be one of the few people left out if you don’t add this knowledge to your arsenal. If you’re looking to learn Python, now is an excellent time to do so. But where do you begin?

You can start right here, right now, with this audiobook. It makes learning Python simple, fast, and easy, taking away the confusion from learning a new language. When learning a new language, it's easy to be overwhelmed and not know where to start or what to focus on. You can spend a long time pursuing tutorials online only to find out you don't really understand any of the concepts they covered. That won't be a problem here! This audiobook follows a step-by-step guide, walking you through everything you need to know about Python in an easy to follow fashion. It will teach you all the basics of Python, and even some of the more advanced Python concepts, taking you from beginner to intermediate Python programmer.

This audiobook will give you:

• A solid foundation in Python programming.
• Intermediate and advanced topics once you’ve mastered the basics.
• Simple explanations of code, broken down into easy to follow steps.
• Python programming exercises and solutions.
• Two projects at the end of the audiobook designed to help you bring all the concepts you’ve learned together.
• Source code files you can refer to and run on your computer.

The exercises in this audiobook are designed to help you practice using the skills you’ve learned in the various sections. The final two projects will let you practice putting everything you’ve learned together and teaching you how to manipulate text, work with images, and create a simple Graphical User Interface (GUI).

Link - Learn Python Quickly: A Complete Beginner’s Guide to Learning Python, Even If You’re New to Programming: Crash Course with Hands-On Project, Book

This audiobook will help you master the following topics:

• Working with Python in both the command line and an Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
• Variables and operators
• Python data types
• Python data structures
• Handling inputs and outputs
• Getting user inputs
• Conditional/control flow statements
• Error handling
• Functions, parameters, and scope
• Built-in function
• Creating modules
• Object-oriented programming
• Reading and writing files
• Recursion
• Image handling

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Python Coding challenge - Day 25 What is the output of the following Python code?

 

The above code will split the string r into a list using the default whitespace separator, but since there are no whitespace characters in the string '123', it will not split the string, and you will get a list with the original string as its only element. Here's the output you would get: ['123']

The split() method without any arguments splits a string by whitespace characters (spaces, tabs, newlines, etc.). Since '123' contains no whitespace characters, it remains as a single element in the list. If you want to split '123' into individual digits, you can use an empty string as the argument to the split() method like this:

r = '123'

print(r.split(''))

However, this will raise an error because an empty string cannot be used as a separator. If you want to split '123' into individual characters as strings, you can do it like this:

r = '123'

split_list = list(r)

print(split_list)

This will output:

['1', '2', '3']

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Regular Expressions in Python

 

What you'll learn

Construct regex patterns

Validate passwords and user input in web forms

Extract patterns and replace strings with regex

Learn step-by-step

In a video that plays in a split-screen with your work area, your instructor will walk you through these steps:

Introduction to Regular Expressions in Python

Intermediate Regular Expressions in Python

Password Validation with Regular Expressions

Form and User Input Validation with Regular Expressions

Extraction and Word Replacement from Server Logs 

JOIN - Regular Expressions in Python

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Clean and analyze social media usage data with Python

 

Objectives

Increase client reach and engagement

Gain valuable insights that will help improve social media performance

Achieve their social media goals and provide data-driven recommendations

Project plan

This project requires you to independently complete the following steps:

• Import required libraries
• Generate random data for the social media data
• Load the data into a Pandas DataFrame and explore the data
• Clean the data
• Visualize and analyze the data

Join - Clean and analyze social media usage data with Python

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Python Coding challenge - Day 24 What is the output of the following Python code?

 

The above code provided is creating two sets, st1 and st2, and then using the - operator to find the difference between st2 and st1. The - operator in this context performs a set difference operation, which returns a new set containing the elements that are in st2 but not in st1.

Here's the step-by-step breakdown of the code:

st1 is a set containing the elements {1, 2, 3}.

st2 is a set containing the elements {2, 3, 4}.

st2 - st1 calculates the set difference between st2 and st1.

The result of st2 - st1 will be a new set containing the elements that are in st2 but not in st1. In this case, it will be {4}, because 4 is in st2 but not in st1.

So, when you run the code, it will output: 4

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Free python programming books

 

There are many free Python programming books available online that can help you learn Python or improve your Python skills. Here are some notable ones:

Download - Free Python Programming books 

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Free Python and Statistics for Financial Analysis

 

There are 4 modules in this course

Python is now becoming the number 1 programming language for data science. Due to python’s simplicity and high readability, it is gaining its importance in the financial industry.  The course combines both python coding and statistical concepts and applies into analyzing financial data, such as stock data.

By the end of the course, you can achieve the following using python:

- Import, pre-process, save and visualize financial data into pandas Dataframe

- Manipulate the existing financial data by generating new variables using multiple columns

- Recall and apply the important statistical concepts (random variable, frequency, distribution, population and sample, confidence interval, linear regression, etc. ) into financial contexts

- Build a trading model using multiple linear regression model 

- Evaluate the performance of the trading model using different investment indicators

Jupyter Notebook environment is configured in the course platform for practicing python coding without installing any client applications.

JOIN  - Python and Statistics for Financial Analysis

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Foundations of Data Science: K-Means Clustering in Python (Free Course)

 

What you'll learn

Define and explain the key concepts of data clustering    

Demonstrate understanding of the key constructs and features of the Python language.    

Implement in Python the principle steps of the K-means algorithm.    

Design and execute a whole data clustering workflow and interpret the outputs.    

Free Join - Foundations of Data Science: K-Means Clustering in Python

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Problem: Implement a Stack using Python

 Implement a stack data structure in Python. A stack is a linear data structure that follows the Last-In, First-Out (LIFO) principle, where the last element added to the stack is the first one to be removed.

Your task is to create a Python class called Stack that has the following methods:

push(item): Adds an item to the top of the stack.

pop(): Removes and returns the item from the top of the stack.

peek(): Returns the item currently at the top of the stack without removing it.

is_empty(): Returns True if the stack is empty, and False otherwise.

size(): Returns the number of items in the stack.

You can implement the stack using a list as the underlying data structure.

Here's a basic structure for the Stack class:

class Stack:

    def __init__(self):

        # Initialize an empty stack

        pass

    def push(self, item):

        # Add item to the top of the stack

        pass

    def pop(self):

        # Remove and return the item from the top of the stack

        pass

    def peek(self):

        # Return the item at the top of the stack without removing it

        pass

    def is_empty(self):

        # Return True if the stack is empty, False otherwise

        pass

    def size(self):

        # Return the number of items in the stack

        pass

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What is the purpose of the @property decorator in Python?

A) It marks a method as a property, allowing it to be accessed like an attribute.

B) It defines a new class.

C) It marks a method as static, meaning it can only be called on the class and not on instances of the class.

D) It marks a method as a class method.

Answer:

A) It marks a method as a property, allowing it to be accessed like an attribute.

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What is the purpose of the __str__ method in a Python class?

A) It defines a new instance variable.

B) It initializes the class object.

C) It specifies the return type of a method.

D) It defines a string representation of the object when using `str()`.

Answer : 

D) It defines a string representation of the object when using str().

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10 New AI tools you will regret not knowing:

 10 New AI tools you will regret not knowing: 

1. 10web.io: An AI-powered website builder that likely simplifies the process of creating websites using artificial intelligence.

2. Docus.ai: An AI health assistant, which could potentially help with healthcare-related tasks such as patient data analysis or medical research.

3. Postwise.ai: An AI tool for content creation, which can be useful for generating written content efficiently.

4. Stockimg.ai: An AI tool for creating logos and images, possibly using AI to generate or enhance visual content.

5. Tabnine.com: A coding assistant powered by AI, which can assist developers in writing code more efficiently and effectively.

6. Longshot.ai: Potentially an AI tool for generating blog posts or other written content.

7. Voicemaker.in: An AI tool that might help with generating artificial voices or assisting with voice-related tasks.

8. Franks.ai: An AI search engine, which could provide advanced search capabilities using artificial intelligence algorithms.

9. Gling.ai: An AI video editor, likely designed to simplify the process of editing and enhancing videos.

10. Perplexity.ai: This is related to research

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List of top 10 data science books using Python in 2023

 

1. "Python for Data Analysis" by Wes McKinney - This book focuses on data manipulation and analysis using Python's pandas library.

Get the definitive handbook for manipulating, processing, cleaning, and crunching datasets in Python. Updated for Python 3.10 and pandas 1.4, the third edition of this hands-on guide is packed with practical case studies that show you how to solve a broad set of data analysis problems effectively. You'll learn the latest versions of pandas, NumPy, and Jupyter in the process. 

Download -  Python for Data Analysis

2. "Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow" by Aurélien Géron - A practical guide to machine learning using Python libraries like Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow.

Through a recent series of breakthroughs, deep learning has boosted the entire field of machine learning. Now, even programmers who know close to nothing about this technology can use simple, efficient tools to implement programs capable of learning from data. This bestselling book uses concrete examples, minimal theory, and production-ready Python frameworks (Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow) to help you gain an intuitive understanding of the concepts and tools for building intelligent systems.

With this updated third edition, author Aurélien Géron explores a range of techniques, starting with simple linear regression and progressing to deep neural networks. Numerous code examples and exercises throughout the book help you apply what you've learned. Programming experience is all you need to get started.

Use Scikit-learn to track an example ML project end to end

Explore several models, including support vector machines, decision trees, random forests, and ensemble methods

Exploit unsupervised learning techniques such as dimensionality reduction, clustering, and anomaly detection

Dive into neural net architectures, including convolutional nets, recurrent nets, generative adversarial networks, autoencoders, diffusion models, and transformers

Use TensorFlow and Keras to build and train neural nets for computer vision, natural language processing, generative models, and deep reinforcement learning

Download - Hands-On Machine Learning with Scikit-Learn, Keras, and TensorFlow

3.  "Data Science from Scratch" by Joel Grus - A beginner-friendly introduction to data science concepts and tools using Python.

To really learn data science, you should not only master the tools—data science libraries, frameworks, modules, and toolkits—but also understand the ideas and principles underlying them. Updated for Python 3.6, this second edition of Data Science from Scratch shows you how these tools and algorithms work by implementing them from scratch.

If you have an aptitude for mathematics and some programming skills, author Joel Grus will help you get comfortable with the math and statistics at the core of data science, and with the hacking skills you need to get started as a data scientist. Packed with new material on deep learning, statistics, and natural language processing, this updated book shows you how to find the gems in today’s messy glut of data.

Get a crash course in Python

Learn the basics of linear algebra, statistics, and probability—and how and when they’re used in data science

Collect, explore, clean, munge, and manipulate data

Dive into the fundamentals of machine learning

Implement models such as k-nearest neighbors, Naïve Bayes, linear and logistic regression, decision trees, neural networks, and clustering

Explore recommender systems, natural language processing, network analysis, MapReduce, and databases

Download - Data Science from Scratch: First Principles with Python

4. "Python Data Science Handbook" by Jake VanderPlas - Covers essential data science libraries in Python, such as NumPy, pandas, Matplotlib, and Scikit-Learn.

Python is a first-class tool for many researchers, primarily because of its libraries for storing, manipulating, and gaining insight from data. Several resources exist for individual pieces of this data science stack, but only with the new edition of Python Data Science Handbook do you get them all--IPython, NumPy, pandas, Matplotlib, scikit-learn, and other related tools.

Working scientists and data crunchers familiar with reading and writing Python code will find the second edition of this comprehensive desk reference ideal for tackling day-to-day issues: manipulating, transforming, and cleaning data; visualizing different types of data; and using data to build statistical or machine learning models. Quite simply, this is the must-have reference for scientific computing in Python.

With this handbook, you'll learn how:

IPython and Jupyter provide computational environments for scientists using Python

NumPy includes the ndarray for efficient storage and manipulation of dense data arrays

Pandas contains the DataFrame for efficient storage and manipulation of labeled/columnar data

Matplotlib includes capabilities for a flexible range of data visualizations

Scikit-learn helps you build efficient and clean Python implementations of the most important and established machine learning algorithms

Download  -  Python Data Science Handbook

"Deep Learning" by Ian Goodfellow, Yoshua Bengio, and Aaron Courville - A comprehensive reference on deep learning techniques and applications.

Deep learning is a form of machine learning that enables computers to learn from experience and understand the world in terms of a hierarchy of concepts. Because the computer gathers knowledge from experience, there is no need for a human computer operator to formally specify all the knowledge that the computer needs. The hierarchy of concepts allows the computer to learn complicated concepts by building them out of simpler ones; a graph of these hierarchies would be many layers deep. This book introduces a broad range of topics in deep learning.

The text offers mathematical and conceptual background, covering relevant concepts in linear algebra, probability theory and information theory, numerical computation, and machine learning. It describes deep learning techniques used by practitioners in industry, including deep feedforward networks, regularization, optimization algorithms, convolutional networks, sequence modeling, and practical methodology; and it surveys such applications as natural language processing, speech recognition, computer vision, online recommendation systems, bioinformatics, and videogames. Finally, the book offers research perspectives, covering such theoretical topics as linear factor models, autoencoders, representation learning, structured probabilistic models, Monte Carlo methods, the partition function, approximate inference, and deep generative models.

Deep Learning can be used by undergraduate or graduate students planning careers in either industry or research, and by software engineers who want to begin using deep learning in their products or platforms. A website offers supplementary material for both readers and instructors. 

Download        -  Deep Learning (Adaptive Computation and Machine Learning series)

"Data Science for Business" by Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett - Explores the intersection of data science and business decision-making. 

Written by renowned data science experts Foster Provost and Tom Fawcett, Data Science for Business introduces the fundamental principles of data science, and walks you through the "data-analytic thinking" necessary for extracting useful knowledge and business value from the data you collect. This guide also helps you understand the many data-mining techniques in use today.

Based on an MBA course Provost has taught at New York University over the past ten years, Data Science for Business provides examples of real-world business problems to illustrate these principles. You’ll not only learn how to improve communication between business stakeholders and data scientists, but also how participate intelligently in your company’s data science projects. You’ll also discover how to think data-analytically, and fully appreciate how data science methods can support business decision-making.

Understand how data science fits in your organization—and how you can use it for competitive advantage

Treat data as a business asset that requires careful investment if you’re to gain real value

Approach business problems data-analytically, using the data-mining process to gather good data in the most appropriate way

Learn general concepts for actually extracting knowledge from data

Apply data science principles when interviewing data science job candidates

Download - Data Science for Business: What You Need to Know about Data Mining and Data-Analytic Thinking

"Python Machine Learning" by Sebastian Raschka and Vahid Mirjalili - A hands-on guide to machine learning with Python and its libraries.

Python Machine Learning, Third Edition is a comprehensive guide to machine learning and deep learning with Python. It acts as both a step-by-step tutorial, and a reference you'll keep coming back to as you build your machine learning systems.

Packed with clear explanations, visualizations, and working examples, the book covers all the essential machine learning techniques in depth. While some books teach you only to follow instructions, with this machine learning book, Raschka and Mirjalili teach the principles behind machine learning, allowing you to build models and applications for yourself.

Updated for TensorFlow 2.0, this new third edition introduces readers to its new Keras API features, as well as the latest additions to scikit-learn. It's also expanded to cover cutting-edge reinforcement learning techniques based on deep learning, as well as an introduction to GANs. Finally, this book also explores a subfield of natural language processing (NLP) called sentiment analysis, helping you learn how to use machine learning algorithms to classify documents. 

Download   -     Python Machine Learning: Machine Learning and Deep Learning with Python, scikit-learn, and TensorFlow 2, 3rd Edition

"Practical Statistics for Data Scientists" by Andrew Bruce and Peter Bruce - Provides a practical understanding of statistical concepts for data analysis.

Statistical methods are a key part of data science, yet few data scientists have formal statistical training. Courses and books on basic statistics rarely cover the topic from a data science perspective. The second edition of this popular guide adds comprehensive examples in Python, provides practical guidance on applying statistical methods to data science, tells you how to avoid their misuse, and gives you advice on what’s important and what’s not.

Many data science resources incorporate statistical methods but lack a deeper statistical perspective. If you’re familiar with the R or Python programming languages and have some exposure to statistics, this quick reference bridges the gap in an accessible, readable format.

With this book, you’ll learn:

Why exploratory data analysis is a key preliminary step in data science

How random sampling can reduce bias and yield a higher-quality dataset, even with big data

How the principles of experimental design yield definitive answers to questions

How to use regression to estimate outcomes and detect anomalies

Key classification techniques for predicting which categories a record belongs to

Statistical machine learning methods that "learn" from data

Unsupervised learning methods for extracting meaning from unlabeled data

Download - Practical Statistics for Data Scientists: 50+ Essential Concepts Using R and Python

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100 Python Interview questions

1.  Python Program to Print Hello world!
2. Python Program to Add Two Numbers
3. Python Program to Find the Square Root
4. Python Program to Calculate the Area of a Triangle
5. Python Program to Solve Quadratic Equation
6. Python Program to Swap Two Variables
7. Python Program to Generate a Random Number
8. Python Program to Convert Kilometers to Miles
9. Python Program to Convert Celsius To Fahrenheit
10. Python Program to Check if a Number is Positive, Negative or 0
11. Python Program to Check if a Number is Odd or Even
12. Python Program to Check Leap Year
13. Python Program to Find the Largest Among Three Numbers
14. Python Program to Check Prime Number
15. Python Program to Print all Prime Numbers in an Interval
16. Python Program to Find the Factorial of a Number
17. Python Program to Display the multiplication Table
18. Python Program to Print the Fibonacci sequence
19. Python Program to Check Armstrong Number
20. Python Program to Find Armstrong Number in an Interval
21. Python Program to Find the Sum of Natural Numbers
22. Python Program to Display Powers of 2 Using Anonymous Function
23. Python Program to Find Numbers Divisible by Another Number
24. Python Program to Convert Decimal to Binary, Octal and Hexadecimal
25. Python Program to Find ASCII Value of Character
26. Python Program to Find HCF or GCD
27. Python Program to Find LCM
28. Python Program to Find the Factors of a Number
29. Python Program to Make a Simple Calculator
30. Python Program to Shuffle Deck of Cards
31. Python Program to Display Calendar
32. Python Program to Display Fibonacci Sequence Using Recursion
33. Python Program to Find Sum of Natural Numbers Using Recursion
34. Python Program to Find Factorial of Number Using Recursion
35. Python Program to Convert Decimal to Binary Using Recursion
36. Python Program to Add Two Matrices
37. Python Program to Transpose a Matrix
38. Python Program to Multiply Two Matrices
39. Python Program to Check Whether a String is Palindrome or Not
40. Python Program to Remove Punctuations From a String
41. Python Program to Sort Words in Alphabetic Order
42. Python Program to Illustrate Different Set Operations
43. Python Program to Count the Number of Each Vowel
44. Python Program to Merge Mails
45. Python Program to Find the Size (Resolution) of a Image
46. Python Program to Find Hash of File
47. Python Program to Create Pyramid Patterns
48. Python Program to Merge Two Dictionaries
49. Python Program to Safely Create a Nested Directory
50. Python Program to Access Index of a List Using for Loop
51. Python Program to Flatten a Nested List
52. Python Program to Slice Lists
53. Python Program to Iterate Over Dictionaries Using for Loop
54. Python Program to Sort a Dictionary by Value
55. Python Program to Check If a List is Empty
56. Python Program to Catch Multiple Exceptions in One Line
57. Python Program to Copy a File
58. Python Program to Concatenate Two Lists
59. Python Program to Check if a Key is Already Present in a Dictionary
60. Python Program to Split a List Into Evenly Sized Chunks
61. Python Program to Parse a String to a Float or Int
62. Python Program to Print Colored Text to the Terminal
63. Python Program to Convert String to Datetime
64. Python Program to Get the Last Element of the List
65. Python Program to Get a Substring of a String
66. Python Program to Print Output Without a Newline
67. Python Program Read a File Line by Line Into a List
68. Python Program to Randomly Select an Element From the List
69. Python Program to Check If a String Is a Number (Float)
70. Python Program to Count the Occurrence of an Item in a List
71. Python Program to Append to a File
72. Python Program to Delete an Element From a Dictionary
73. Python Program to Create a Long Multiline String
74. Python Program to Extract Extension From the File Name
75. Python Program to Measure the Elapsed Time in Python
76. Python Program to Get the Class Name of an Instance
77. Python Program to Convert Two Lists Into a Dictionary
78. Python Program to Differentiate Between type() and isinstance()
79. Python Program to Trim Whitespace From a String
80. Python Program to Get the File Name From the File Path
81. Python Program to Represent enum
82. Python Program to Return Multiple Values From a Function
83. Python Program to Get Line Count of a File
84. Python Program to Find All File with .txt Extension Present Inside a Directory
85. Python Program to Get File Creation and Modification Date
86. Python Program to Get the Full Path of the Current Working Directory
87. Python Program to Iterate Through Two Lists in Parallel
88. Python Program to Check the File Size
89. Python Program to Reverse a Number
90. Python Program to Compute the Power of a Number
91. Python Program to Count the Number of Digits Present In a Number
92. Python Program to Check If Two Strings are Anagram
93. Python Program to Capitalize the First Character of a String
94. Python Program to Compute all the Permutation of the String
95. Python Program to Create a Countdown Timer
96. Python Program to Count the Number of Occurrence of a Character in String
97. Python Program to Remove Duplicate Element From a List
98. Python Program to Convert Bytes to a String

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Eid-ul-Adha Mubarak wish using Python

 

Code : 

import pyfiglet

import random

font = random.choice(pyfiglet.FigletFont.getFonts())

ascii_art = pyfiglet.figlet_format("Eid-ul-Adha", font=font)

greeting = f"{ascii_art}\nEid-ul-Adha Mubarak!\n{ascii_art}"

print(greeting)

#clcoding.com

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Python libraries commonly used in oceanographic research

  

Python libraries commonly used in oceanographic research:

NumPy and SciPy: These libraries provide powerful numerical and scientific computing capabilities, including array manipulation, linear algebra, optimization, and signal processing.

Pandas: Pandas is a library used for data manipulation and analysis. It provides data structures and functions for efficient handling and processing of structured data, such as time series or oceanographic datasets.

Matplotlib and Seaborn: These libraries are used for data visualization in Python. Matplotlib provides a wide range of plotting functions, while Seaborn offers a high-level interface for creating attractive statistical graphics.

Cartopy: Cartopy is a library for geospatial data processing and mapping. It allows you to create maps, plot geographical data, and perform geospatial transformations.

Xarray and NetCDF4: These libraries are commonly used for handling and analyzing multidimensional gridded data, such as ocean model outputs or satellite observations. They provide efficient I/O operations, metadata handling, and mathematical operations on multidimensional arrays.

Ocean Data View (ODV): ODV is a popular software tool for oceanographic data visualization and analysis. While not a Python library, it can be integrated with Python using the PyODV package, allowing you to import, analyze, and plot ODV data files.

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Free Python Notes for Interview

 

https://clcoding.gumroad.com/l/gwaaj

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10 Python terms that beginners tend to confuse

 

Variable vs. Value: Beginners often confuse variables and values in Python. A variable is a name used to store a value, while a value is the actual data stored in the variable. For example, in the statement x = 5, x is the variable, and 5 is the value assigned to it.

List vs. Tuple: Beginners may struggle with understanding the differences between lists and tuples in Python. A list is a mutable sequence of elements enclosed in square brackets ([]), while a tuple is an immutable sequence enclosed in parentheses (()). This means that you can modify a list by adding, removing, or changing elements, but you cannot do the same with a tuple once it is created.

Function vs. Method: Beginners sometimes confuse functions and methods. A function is a block of reusable code that performs a specific task, while a method is a function that belongs to an object and is called using the dot notation (object.method()). Functions can be called independently, whereas methods are invoked on specific objects.

Syntax Error vs. Runtime Error: Beginners often mix up syntax errors and runtime errors. A syntax error occurs when the code violates the language's grammar rules and prevents it from being compiled or interpreted correctly. On the other hand, a runtime error occurs when the code is syntactically correct, but an error is encountered while the program is running.

Index vs. Slice: Understanding the difference between indexing and slicing can be confusing for beginners. Indexing refers to accessing a specific element in a sequence, such as a string or a list, by specifying its position using square brackets ([]). Slicing, on the other hand, allows you to extract a portion of a sequence by specifying a range of indices using the colon (:) notation.

Mutable vs. Immutable: Beginners may struggle with grasping the concept of mutable and immutable objects in Python. Mutable objects can be modified after they are created, while immutable objects cannot. For example, lists are mutable, so you can change their elements, whereas strings are immutable, so you cannot modify their characters once they are created.

Importing Modules vs. Installing Packages: Beginners sometimes confuse importing modules and installing packages. Importing a module allows you to use its predefined functions, classes, or variables in your code by using the import statement. On the other hand, installing a package refers to downloading and setting up additional libraries or modules that are not included in the Python standard library, usually using package managers like pip.

Syntax vs. Semantics: Beginners may have difficulty understanding the distinction between syntax and semantics. Syntax refers to the rules and structure of a programming language, including the correct placement of punctuation, keywords, and symbols. Semantics, on the other hand, relates to the meaning and interpretation of the code. Syntax errors occur when the code violates the language's syntax rules, while semantic errors occur when the code produces unexpected or incorrect results due to logical or conceptual mistakes.

Class vs. Object: Beginners often struggle with the concepts of classes and objects in object-oriented programming. A class is a blueprint or template that defines the structure and behavior of objects, while an object is an instance of a class. In simpler terms, a class can be thought of as a blueprint for creating multiple objects with similar characteristics and behaviors.

Global vs. Local Variables: Understanding the scope of variables can be confusing for beginners. Global variables are defined outside of any function or class and can be accessed from any part of the program. Local variables, on the other hand, are defined within a function or a block of code and can only be accessed within that specific function or block. Beginners may encounter issues when they unintentionally create variables with the same name in different scopes, leading to unexpected behavior or errors.

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Data Analytics Course Handwritten Notes

Introduction:

In today's digital age, where typing on keyboards and tapping on screens has become the norm, there is something truly magical about the simplicity and authenticity of handwritten notes. Handwritten notes have a unique charm that digital text cannot replicate. They are a reflection of our personality, creativity, and individuality. In this blog, I want to share my newfound love for handwritten notes and the joy they bring.

The Art of Handwriting:

Handwriting is an art form that allows us to express ourselves in a personal and intimate way. Each stroke of the pen carries a piece of our emotions, thoughts, and ideas. Whether it's elegant cursive, playful doodles, or colorful illustrations, our handwriting reveals a glimpse of our character. Handwritten notes offer a tangible connection between the writer and the reader, creating a more intimate and meaningful experience.

Unleashing Creativity:

Writing by hand stimulates our creativity and imagination. As we put pen to paper, ideas flow more freely, and we are more likely to explore new perspectives and insights. The act of writing itself becomes a therapeutic process, allowing us to slow down, focus, and fully engage with our thoughts. Handwritten notes offer a canvas for our creativity to flourish, enabling us to experiment with different styles, fonts, and embellishments.

A Personal Touch:

When we receive a handwritten note, it feels like a precious gift. The time and effort invested in crafting the note make it a unique and personal gesture. Whether it's a heartfelt letter, a thoughtful thank-you card, or a quick reminder, handwritten notes show that we care. They create a deeper connection and leave a lasting impression on the recipient, unlike impersonal digital messages that can easily be forgotten.

Preserving Memories:

Handwritten notes have an enduring quality that transcends time. They become treasured keepsakes, reminding us of special moments, important milestones, and cherished relationships. Stumbling upon a box of old handwritten letters can evoke a wave of nostalgia and bring back vivid memories. In a world where digital files can be lost or corrupted, handwritten notes stand as tangible and irreplaceable mementos of our lives.

Sharing Handwritten Notes:

In the spirit of celebrating the beauty of handwritten notes, I am excited to share my own collection of handwritten notes with you all. Through my blog and social media platforms, I will be posting images and stories behind my notes, discussing different techniques and styles, and even providing tips on improving handwriting skills. I hope to inspire others to rediscover the joy of writing by hand and to embrace the personal touch that handwritten notes bring to our lives.

Click Here for notes

Conclusion:

Handwritten notes are not merely pieces of paper; they are vessels of our thoughts, emotions, and creativity. They allow us to connect on a deeper level, create lasting memories, and express ourselves in a way that digital text cannot replicate. So, let's bring back the beauty of handwritten notes, one stroke of the pen at a time, and embrace the power of personal expression. Together, let's make the world a little brighter with our handwritten notes.

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Python Interview Questions | Fresher| Senior Developer | Technical Lead

 Python interview questions that are commonly asked to freshers:

• What is Python? Mention some key features of Python.

• What are the differences between Python 2 and Python 3?

• How do you install third-party packages in Python?

• Explain the concept of Python virtual environments.

• What are the different data types available in Python?

• Explain the difference between a list and a tuple in Python.

• How do you handle exceptions in Python? Provide an example.

• What is the purpose of the __init__ method in a Python class?

• How do you open and read a file in Python?

• What is the difference between append() and extend() methods in Python lists?

• Explain the concept of a generator in Python. How is it different from a regular function?

• What is the difference between shallow copy and deep copy in Python?

• How do you define a lambda function in Python? Provide an example.

• Explain the concept of decorators in Python. Provide an example.

• What is the difference between __str__ and __repr__ methods in Python?

• How can you remove duplicate elements from a list in Python?

• Explain the difference between a module and a package in Python.

• How do you perform unit testing in Python?

• Explain the concept of list comprehensions in Python. Provide an example.

• How do you handle file handling errors in Python?

Python interview questions that are commonly asked to senior developers:

• What is a decorator in Python? How do you use decorators?

• Explain the Global Interpreter Lock (GIL) in Python. How does it impact multi-threading?

• What are the different ways to achieve concurrency in Python?

• Explain the concept of metaclasses in Python. Provide an example.

• How do you handle memory management in Python?

• What are some common design patterns used in Python?

• Explain the concept of context managers in Python. Provide an example.

• What are some differences between a function and a method in Python?

• How do you handle large datasets in Python? Are there any libraries that can help?

• Explain the concept of closures in Python. Provide an example.

• How do you optimize the performance of a Python application?

• What is the purpose of the __slots__ attribute in a Python class?

• Explain the difference between shallow copy and deep copy in Python. When would you use each?

• How do you handle circular imports in Python?

• What are some best practices for writing clean and maintainable Python code?

• Explain the concept of generators and iterators in Python. Provide an example.

• What are some differences between the is and == operators in Python?

• How do you work with databases in Python? Are there any ORM libraries you are familiar with?

• Explain the concept of method resolution order (MRO) in Python.

• How do you handle and raise custom exceptions in Python?

Python interview questions that are commonly asked to technical leads:

As a technical lead, how do you ensure code quality and enforce coding standards in a Python project?

• Explain the concept of Python decorators. How can they be used to enhance code functionality or provide cross-cutting concerns?

• What strategies or methodologies do you follow for effective project planning and task estimation?

• How do you handle technical debt and code refactoring in a Python project?

• Describe your experience with optimizing Python code for performance. What techniques or tools have you used?

• How do you approach architectural design and system scalability in a Python application?

• Explain your experience with integrating Python applications with external systems or APIs.

• How do you ensure the security of a Python application, including handling sensitive data and preventing common vulnerabilities?

• Describe your experience with handling and resolving production issues in Python applications.

• How do you lead a development team and promote collaboration and knowledge sharing?

• Describe a situation where you faced a technical challenge or roadblock in a Python project and how you resolved it.

• Explain your experience with working in Agile or other software development methodologies.

• How do you ensure effective communication and collaboration between technical and non-technical stakeholders in a project?

• What tools or techniques do you use for automated testing and continuous integration in Python projects?

• Describe your experience with cloud platforms and deploying Python applications in a cloud environment.

• How do you ensure the maintainability and extensibility of a Python codebase as it evolves over time?

• Explain your approach to code reviews and how you provide constructive feedback to team members.

• Describe a situation where you had to make a technology or architectural decision for a Python project and the factors you considered.

• How do you mentor and guide junior developers to enhance their skills and contribute effectively to a Python project?

• What are some best practices for managing technical documentation and knowledge sharing in a Python project?

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Future of Python Programming

 

The future of Python programming looks bright and promising. Python has been steadily growing in popularity over the years and has become one of the most widely used programming languages across various domains. Here are some key aspects that shape the future of Python programming:

Continued Growth: Python's popularity is expected to continue growing as more developers and organizations recognize its simplicity, readability, and versatility. It has a vast ecosystem of libraries and frameworks that make it suitable for a wide range of applications.

Data Science and Machine Learning: Python has become the go-to language for data science and machine learning. Popular libraries like NumPy, Pandas, and scikit-learn have established Python as a powerful tool for data analysis, modeling, and machine learning. With the growing demand for data-driven insights and AI solutions, Python's role in these fields is expected to expand further.

Web Development: Python's web development frameworks, such as Django and Flask, have gained significant traction in recent years. Python's simplicity and ease of use make it an attractive choice for web development projects. As web applications continue to evolve and grow in complexity, Python is likely to remain a preferred language for web development.

Artificial Intelligence and Automation: Python is heavily used in artificial intelligence (AI) and automation. Libraries like TensorFlow and PyTorch are widely adopted for building and deploying AI models. Python's flexibility and ease of integration with other technologies make it well-suited for AI-related tasks.

DevOps and Infrastructure: Python's role in DevOps and infrastructure automation is also expected to increase. Tools like Ansible, Fabric, and SaltStack leverage Python for automation and configuration management. Python's scripting capabilities and extensive library support make it a valuable language in the DevOps domain.

Education and Beginner-Friendly Nature: Python's simplicity and readability make it an excellent choice for teaching programming to beginners. Many educational institutions and coding bootcamps have adopted Python as their primary teaching language. This trend is likely to continue, fostering a growing community of Python developers.

Performance Improvements: Python's performance has been a topic of discussion, particularly in high-performance computing and real-time applications. Efforts like PyPy, Numba, and Cython have been made to optimize Python's execution speed. As these optimizations progress, Python's performance is expected to improve further.

Community and Ecosystem: Python has a vibrant and active community, contributing to its growth and development. The Python Package Index (PyPI) hosts an extensive collection of open-source libraries, enabling developers to easily leverage existing code and accelerate their development process. The community's continuous contributions and collaborations are likely to drive Python's progress.

Overall, Python's future seems promising, driven by its versatility, simplicity, and strong ecosystem. It will continue to be a popular choice for a wide range of applications, from web development and data science to AI and automation. As technology advances and new trends emerge, Python is expected to adapt and remain a relevant and influential language in the programming landscape.

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What is the output of the following snippet, and why?

 What is the output of the following snippet, and why? 

Code: 

x,x,y = 0,3,6 
print(x,y)

Solution:

The above code initializes three variables x, x, and y with the values 0, 3, and 6, respectively. However, since x is repeated, the second occurrence will overwrite the first one. So, effectively, you have two variables named x and one variable named y. When you print x and y, it will output the values of the last assignment:

x, x, y = 0, 3, 6

print(x, y)

The output will be:

3 6

Here, the first x is assigned the value 0, then the second x is assigned the value 3, and finally, y is assigned the value 6. When you print x and y, it prints the values of the last assignments, which are 3 and 6, respectively.

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100 Days Python Loop Challenge | Day 1 : Print Multiplication Table

 

Explanation:

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100 Days Python Loop Challenge

 100 Days Python Loop Challenge 

The 100 Days of Code Python Loop Challenge is a coding challenge designed to help you improve your coding skills by coding every day for 100 days. The challenge focuses on loops in Python, which are a fundamental building block of many programs.

The challenge involves writing code every day for 100 days, with each day building on the previous day's work. The challenge provides you with a set of tasks to complete each day, with the aim of helping you to gradually build up your skills and knowledge of loops in Python.

The challenge is designed to be flexible, so you can start it at any time and work at your own pace. You can also choose to work on the challenge for more or less than 100 days, depending on your schedule and availability.

To participate in the challenge, you can join the 100 Days of Code community, which provides support and resources for participants. You can also use the #100DaysOfCode hashtag on social media to connect with other participants and share your progress.

If you are interested in improving your coding skills and learning more about loops in Python, the 100 Days of Code Python Loop Challenge is a great way to get started. 

https://bit.ly/41qPJQ1

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Generate Sine , Square , Triangle and Sawtooth in Python

 

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Difference between class and function in Python

 In Python, classes and functions are two fundamental programming constructs, each with its own unique purpose and characteristics.

Functions are blocks of code that take input, perform operations on that input, and then return an output. Functions can be defined and called within a program, making it possible to reuse code and simplify the development process. Functions are also useful for encapsulating logic and making code more modular, as well as improving code readability.

Classes, on the other hand, are a way to define new types of objects in Python. They provide a blueprint for creating objects that have a specific set of attributes and methods. In other words, classes define the structure and behavior of objects, and allow you to create multiple instances of those objects.

Here are some key differences between classes and functions in Python:

• Syntax: Functions are defined using the def keyword, followed by the function name and any arguments. Classes are defined using the class keyword, followed by the class name and any properties or methods.

• Purpose: Functions are primarily used to perform a specific operation and return a result. Classes, on the other hand, are used to define new types of objects with their own attributes and methods.

• Scope: Functions are typically defined at the module level, and can be called from anywhere in the module. Classes, however, are often defined within a module or within another class, and can only be accessed within that scope.

• Instances: Functions are not instantiated - they are simply called and executed as needed. Classes, on the other hand, can be instantiated to create new objects with their own properties and methods.

• Inheritance: Classes can be inherited from other classes to create new classes that inherit the properties and methods of their parent classes. Functions do not have this capability.

Overall, both classes and functions are important programming constructs in Python, but they serve different purposes and are used in different ways. Understanding the differences between classes and functions is key to writing effective Python code.

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Day 150 : Laptop Notification with Python

 

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Mathematical Function graphs using Python

 

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What does the “yield” keyword do in python?

 In Python, the yield keyword is used to create a generator function. When a function includes a yield statement, it becomes a generator function, which returns an iterator object that can be iterated over with a loop.

The yield statement suspends the function's execution and sends a value back to the caller, but unlike return, the function state is saved, and the function can be resumed later from where it left off.

Here's an example to demonstrate the use of yield:

def countdown(num):

    while num > 0:

        yield num

        num -= 1

This generator function countdown() will return an iterator that will produce a sequence of numbers from num down to 1. We can use a for loop to iterate over the sequence:

for i in countdown(5):

    print(i)

5

4

3

2

1

Each time the yield statement is reached, the function's state is saved, and the value of num is sent back to the caller. The next time the generator is called, execution continues from where it left off, and num is decremented until it reaches zero.

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7 Cool Ways To Use F-Strings In Python

 

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