Code Explanation:
1. Defining Class A
class A:
data = []
Explanation:
class A: creates a class named A.
data = [] defines a class variable called data.
This variable is an empty list.
Class variables are shared by all objects of the class unless an object creates its own attribute with the same name.
Initial state:
A.data → []
2. Creating Object a
a = A()
Explanation:
This creates an instance a of class A.
The object a does not have its own data yet.
So it refers to the class variable.
a.data → refers to A.data
3. Creating Object b
b = A()
Explanation:
This creates another instance b of class A.
Like a, it also refers to the class variable data.
b.data → refers to A.data
Current situation:
A.data → []
a.data → []
b.data → []
(All three point to the same list.)
4. Modifying the List Through a
a.data.append(1)
Explanation:
a.data refers to A.data.
.append(1) adds 1 to the list.
Since the list is shared, the change affects A.data and b.data as well.
Now:
A.data → [1]
a.data → [1]
b.data → [1]
5. Assigning a New List to b.data
b.data = [2]
Explanation:
This does not modify the shared list.
Instead, it creates a new instance attribute data for object b.
This new attribute overrides the class variable for b only.
Now:
A.data → [1]
a.data → [1] (still using class variable)
b.data → [2] (new instance variable)
6. Printing the Values
print(A.data, a.data, b.data)
Explanation:
A.data → [1]
a.data → [1] (still referring to class variable)
b.data → [2] (instance variable created in step 5)
7. Final Output
[1] [1] [2]
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