Python OOPS Challenge | Day 14 | What is the output of following Python code?

This code snippet demonstrates method overriding in object-oriented programming.

Explanation:

1. Class MemoryDevice:

It has a method printPhysicalSize that prints "medium".

2. Class SDCard:

It inherits from MemoryDevice.

It overrides the printPhysicalSize method to print "small" instead.

3. Code Execution:

sdCard = SDCard() creates an instance of the SDCard class.

sdCard.printPhysicalSize() calls the printPhysicalSize method of the SDCard class (because it overrides the method in the parent class).

Key Concept:

When a method in a subclass overrides a method in the parent class, the subclass version is executed for objects of the subclass.

Output:

The method in SDCard prints "small". Therefore, the correct answer is: small.

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Count Files and Folders using Python

 

import os

# Specify the path to count files and directories
PATH = r'C:\Users\CLCODING\Downloads'

files = 0
dirs = 0

for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(PATH):
    dirs += len(dirnames)
    files += len(filenames)

print('Files:', files)
print('Directories:', dirs)
print('Total:', files + dirs)

Program Explanation

This Python program is used to count the total number of files and folders inside a given directory (including all subfolders).

import os


We import the os module because it helps us interact with files and folders in the operating system.

PATH = r'C:\Users\CLCODING\Downloads'


This sets the location (folder path) where we want to count files and folders.

The letter r before the string makes it a raw string, which prevents Python from misreading backslashes.

files = 0
dirs = 0


We start with two counters:

files = 0 → to count number of files

dirs = 0 → to count number of folders (directories)

for root, dirnames, filenames in os.walk(PATH):


os.walk() goes through the folder and all of its subfolders.

For each location it visits:

root → the current folder path

dirnames → list of all subfolders in that location

filenames → list of all files in that location

    dirs += len(dirnames)
    files += len(filenames)


len(dirnames) gives how many folders are in the current location.

len(filenames) gives how many files are in the current location.

We add them to our counters.

print('Files:', files)
print('Directories:', dirs)
print('Total:', files + dirs)


Finally, we display:

total number of files

total number of directories

total items (files + directories)

Output Example (depends on your folder):
Files: 250
Directories: 40
Total: 290

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Screen recorder using Python

 

import cv2

import numpy as np

import pyautogui

import keyboard

screen_size = pyautogui.size()

fps = 20  

fourcc = cv2.VideoWriter_fourcc(*"XVID")

output_file = "screen_recording_clcoding.mp4"

out = cv2.VideoWriter(output_file, fourcc, fps, 

                      (screen_size.width, screen_size.height))

print("Recording... Press 'q' to stop.")

while True:

    screen = pyautogui.screenshot()

    frame = np.array(screen)

    frame = cv2.cvtColor(frame, cv2.COLOR_RGB2BGR)

    out.write(frame)

    if keyboard.is_pressed('q'):

        print("Recording stopped.")

        break

out.release()

print(f"Video saved to {output_file}")

#source code --> clcoding.com

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AI Learning Hub - Lifetime Learning Access

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Program Syllabus

The AI Learning Hub is your ongoing path to mastering AI. This syllabus outlines the key topics you’ll cover throughout the program. Each section is designed to build on the last, ensuring you develop both foundational and advanced skills through practical, hands-on learning. As part of this continuous cohort, new content will be added regularly, so you’ll always be learning the latest in AI.

This schedule is flexible and may change depending on the learning pace of everyone. But don’t worry—once the materials are published, you can go back and learn at your own speed whenever you want.

Phase 1: Python Programming (Starting October)

• Data Types & Variables: Understand basic data types and variables.

• Loops & Iterators: Learn how to iterate over data efficiently.

• Functions & Lambdas: Write reusable code and anonymous functions.

• Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries: Work with core Python data structures.

• Conditionals: Make decisions using if, elif, and else.

• Exception Handling: Handle errors gracefully.

• Classes & OOP: Grasp object-oriented programming, inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation.

Phase 2: Data Analysis with Pandas

• Series & DataFrames: Understand the building blocks of Pandas.

• Editing & Retrieving Data: Learn data selection and modification techniques.

• Importing Data: Import data from CSV, Excel, and databases.

• Grouping Data: Use groupby for aggregate operations.

• Merging & Joining Data: Combine datasets efficiently.

• Sorting & Filtering: Organize and retrieve data.

• Applying Functions to Data: Use functions to manipulate and clean data.

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• Basic Plotting: Create line plots, scatter plots, and histograms.

• Bar Charts & Pie Charts: Display categorical data.

• Time Series Plots: Visualize data over time.

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• Creating Arrays: Learn about arrays and their manipulation.

• Array Indexing & Slicing: Access and modify elements in arrays.

• Universal Functions: Perform fast element-wise operations on arrays.

• Linear Algebra & Statistics Functions: Apply matrix operations and statistical computations.

Phase 5: Machine Learning Fundamentals (with Projects)

• ML Life Cycle: Understand the workflow of building machine learning systems.

• Key Algorithms: Explore algorithms like Linear Regression, Decision Trees, Random Forests, and K-Nearest Neighbors.

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• Hyperparameter Tuning & Optimization: Fine-tune models for better performance.

• Projects: Implement real-world deep learning models and deploy them into production environments.

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• Model Deployment Strategies: Learn how to deploy models using Flask, FastAPI, and cloud platforms.

• Docker & Kubernetes: Containerize your applications and deploy them at scale.

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Phase 8: End-to-End Machine Learning Projects

• Complete ML Pipelines: Learn how to build a fully functional machine learning pipeline from data collection to deployment.

• Data Preprocessing: Clean, process, and prepare data for machine learning models.

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• Model Deployment: Deploy machine learning models into production environments, integrating with APIs and cloud services.

• Monitoring & Maintenance: Understand how to monitor model performance over time and retrain models as needed.

Advanced and Custom Topics

• Advanced NLP & Transformers: Dive deep into cutting-edge natural language processing techniques and transformer architectures.

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• Custom AI Solutions: Learn how to customize AI models for specialized tasks and industries.

• Suggest a Topic: You can suggest any advanced topics or areas of interest, and we will explore them together as part of the curriculum.
  

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Complete Python Basic to Advance (Free Courses)

 

The Complete Python Basic to Advanced course offers a thorough journey from basic syntax to advanced concepts, including object-oriented programming, data manipulation, and real-world applications, providing a solid foundation and practical skills in Python.

What you will learn

Grasp Python basics: Variables, loops, data

Master OOP: Classes, inheritance, polymorphism

Implement error handling for robust programs

Optimize code for efficiency and performance

Develop problem-solving with algorithms

Write clean, structured, and organized code

Manage files and perform data manipulation

Use advanced features: Decorators, generators

Build real-world apps with Python skills

Prepare for data science and machine learning

This course includes:

Python basics: Syntax, data types, and variables

Control structures: Loops and conditionals

Functions and modules for code organization

OOP concepts: Classes, objects, inheritance

Advanced topics: Decorators, generators, and more

Working with databases, APIs, and file handling

Requirements

Basic Computer Skills: Ability to install software, browse the internet, and navigate file systems

No Prior Coding Experience Required: Designed for beginners with no programming background needed

Eagerness to Learn: A passion for learning and exploring programming concepts is highly encouraged

Logical Thinking: Basic understanding of logic and problem-solving will be advantageous for success

Time Commitment: Set aside regular time to engage fully and complete lessons, projects, and quizzes

Join Free: Complete Python Basic to Advance (Free Courses)

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Master OOP in Python (Free Courses)

 Master OOP in Python covers object-oriented programming principles, including classes, inheritance, polymorphism and encapsulation with hands-on examples to help you build robust, reusable and efficient Python applications.

What you will learn

Understand classes and objects in Python

Implement inheritance for code reusability

Use polymorphism for flexible code design

Master encapsulation to protect data

Work with constructors and destructors

Apply abstraction for simplified interfaces

Handle errors in OOP effectively

Build scalable apps using OOP principles

This course includes:

In-depth tutorials on OOP concepts

Real-world projects to apply OOP skills

Interactive quizzes for progress tracking

Hands-on coding exercises for practice

Expert tips from OOP professionals

Community forums for peer support

Requirements

Basic Python Knowledge: Familiarity with Python fundamentals, including syntax, data types, and control structures.

Understanding of Functions: Knowledge of defining and using functions in Python.

Basic Programming Concepts: Familiarity with core programming concepts like variables, loops, and conditionals.

Problem-Solving Skills: Ability to break down problems and develop logical solutions.

Eagerness to Learn OOP: A strong interest in learning and applying object-oriented programming principles.

Access to a Development Environment: A computer with Python installed and a suitable IDE or text editor for coding.

Join Free : Master OOP in Python

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Python Coding challenge - Day 246 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

x = "hello" * 2

print(x)

String Multiplication:

"hello" is a string.

2 is an integer.

When you multiply a string by an integer, the string is repeated that many times.

In this case, "hello" * 2 produces "hellohello", which is the string "hello" repeated twice.

Assignment:

The result "hellohello" is assigned to the variable x.

Print Statement:

The print(x) statement outputs the value of x, which is "hellohello".

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 13 | What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, there are two classes, Device and Tablet. Here's a breakdown of what happens:

1. Class Device:

The Device class has a method printSize that, when called, prints the string "medium".

2. Class Tablet:

The Tablet class inherits from Device but does not define any additional methods or attributes. Therefore, it inherits all methods from Device, including printSize.

3. Creating an Instance of Tablet:

tablet = Tablet() creates an instance of the Tablet class.

4. Calling printSize Method:

tablet.printSize() calls the printSize method on the Tablet instance. Since Tablet inherits Device and does not override printSize, it uses the printSize method from Device, which prints "medium".

Output: The correct answer is "medium".

Read More

Google AI Essentials

 

Unlock the Power of AI with Google’s AI Essentials Course on Coursera

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is reshaping industries, driving innovation, and solving complex challenges around the globe. As AI becomes an essential part of the tech landscape, learning its core principles has become crucial for both beginners and professionals. Google’s AI Essentials course on Coursera is designed to introduce you to the fundamentals of AI and equip you with the knowledge and skills needed to get started.

If you’re curious about AI and want to learn how it’s used to transform real-world applications, this course offers a comprehensive, beginner-friendly introduction. Let’s dive into what makes this course special and why it’s the perfect starting point for your AI journey.

---

Why Learn AI?

AI has rapidly expanded beyond research labs into everyday life. It powers everything from personal voice assistants and recommendation engines to complex medical diagnostics and financial forecasting. AI literacy is becoming a vital skill across industries, making it increasingly valuable for professionals in any field. Learning AI basics gives you an edge in understanding and working with the tools that are shaping the future.

---

About Google’s AI Essentials Course

Google, a global leader in AI, has crafted the AI Essentials course on Coursera to help beginners gain foundational knowledge in this field. Created with clarity and simplicity in mind, the course provides learners with an accessible introduction to AI concepts, helping you understand what AI is, its potential, and how it’s applied in the world today.

Key Highlights of the Course:

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---

What You’ll Learn

The Google AI Essentials course covers several foundational topics essential to understanding AI and how it’s changing industries. Here’s a quick look at what you’ll learn:

• Understanding AI: Learn what AI is and isn’t, exploring the different branches, such as machine learning and deep learning.
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---

Real-World Applications of AI

One of the standout features of this course is its focus on real-world applications, making it relatable for learners from any background. By the end of the course, you’ll gain insights into how AI applications solve problems across various industries:

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This approach not only makes learning more engaging but also provides you with a broader understanding of how AI impacts different sectors.

---

Why Choose Google’s AI Essentials Course on Coursera?

1. Industry Leader: Google is at the forefront of AI research and applications. Learning directly from Google’s experts provides you with insights and approaches grounded in cutting-edge practices.
2. Hands-On Experience: Although designed for beginners, the course includes practical examples and scenarios to deepen your understanding of AI concepts.
3. Career Boost: With AI playing a critical role in the future of work, having a certification from Google on Coursera enhances your resume, showing employers that you understand AI fundamentals.

---

Getting Started

Whether you're a professional looking to enhance your skillset, a student aiming to learn about AI, or just curious about technology, the Google AI Essentials course is a fantastic place to start. It’s a well-rounded introduction to AI fundamentals and applications, and it prepares you to explore further in the world of AI.

Learn more and enroll here: Coursera Google AI Essentials Course.

---

Final Thoughts

Artificial Intelligence is more than just a trend; it's a transformative technology that’s changing the world. Google’s AI Essentials course on Coursera offers a clear, beginner-friendly path to understanding AI’s impact, applications, and potential. By completing this course, you’ll gain a foundational knowledge that can serve as a stepping stone to advanced AI studies or applications in your own career.

Whether you’re a beginner or a professional looking to expand your skills, this course will give you the insights you need to understand AI's transformative potential. Embrace the future of technology—start your AI journey today!

Join Free: Google AI Essentials

Read More

Convert RGB to Hex using Python

 

from webcolors import name_to_hex

def color_name_to_code(color_name):

    try:

        color_code = name_to_hex(color_name)

        return color_code

    except ValueError:

        return None

        

colorname = input("Enter color name : ")

result_code = color_name_to_code(colorname)

print(result_code)  

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PDF file protection using password in Python

 

from PyPDF2 import PdfReader, PdfWriter

import getpass

def protect_pdf(input_pdf, output_pdf):

    reader = PdfReader('clcoding.pdf')

    writer = PdfWriter()

    for page in reader.pages:

        writer.add_page(page)

    password = getpass.getpass("Enter a password : ")

    writer.encrypt(password)

    with open(output_pdf, "wb") as output_file:

        writer.write(output_file)

    print(f"The PDF has password.")

    

protect_pdf("clcoding.pdf", "protected_file.pdf")

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 12| What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, one class is defined, which is named Tablet. The class definition begins with class Tablet: and includes a pass statement, which acts as a placeholder, meaning the class has no methods or attributes defined inside it for now.

After defining the class, two instances (or objects) of the Tablet class are created: tablet1 and tablet2. These are variables that hold instances of the Tablet class, not additional class definitions.

So, the answer is 1, as there is only one class (Tablet) defined in the code segment.

Read More

Rainbow Circle using Python

 

import turtle

t = turtle.Turtle()

t.speed(10)

colors = ['red', 'orange', 'yellow',

          'green', 'blue', 'indigo',

          'violet']

turtle.bgcolor('black')

for i in range(36):

    t.color(colors[i % 7])

    t.circle(100)

    t.right(10)

turtle.done()

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 11 | What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, the output will be an Exception. Here’s why:

1. The TV class is defined with no attributes or methods (pass is used as a placeholder).

2. An instance of the TV class, obj, is created.

3. A new attribute price is assigned to obj with the value 200. This attribute is dynamically added to the instance obj but is not part of the TV class itself.

4. The code then attempts to print self.price. However, self is not defined in the current scope. In Python, self is a conventionally used parameter name that refers to the instance of the class within a method of the class. Since this code tries to access self outside of a class method, it will raise a NameError for the undefined variable self.

To fix this and print the price, you would need to use obj.price instead:

print(obj.price)

This would correctly print 200.

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 10 | What is the output of following Python code?

This code snippet demonstrates runtime polymorphism. Here’s why:

1. Polymorphism allows a method in a subclass to have the same name as a method in its superclass but behave differently. In this example, the printWeight() method is defined in both the PolarAnimal superclass and the Penguin subclass.

2. Method Overriding: The Penguin subclass overrides the printWeight() method of PolarAnimal. This means that if an object of Penguin is used to call printWeight(), it will execute the print("heavy") line instead of print("light") defined in the superclass.

3. Runtime Polymorphism (also known as dynamic polymorphism) happens at runtime, where the method to execute is determined based on the actual object type (i.e., whether it’s a Penguin or PolarAnimal instance) rather than at compile time.

Since printWeight() behaves differently in Penguin than in PolarAnimal, it demonstrates runtime polymorphism.

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 9 | What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, we have two classes: OSDevice and SmartTV. The SmartTV class inherits from the OSDevice class.

Code Analysis

1. The OSDevice class has a method called printSize, which prints "medium".

2. The SmartTV class has its own printSize method that overrides the one from OSDevice and prints "large".

When we create an instance of SmartTV with obj = SmartTV() and call obj.printSize(), Python will look for the printSize method in the SmartTV class first. Since SmartTV has its own printSize method, it overrides the printSize method in OSDevice. Therefore, only "large" is printed.

Output

The output of this code will be:

large

So, the correct answer is the second option: large.

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 8 |What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, we have two classes: Fruit and Apple. The Apple class inherits from the Fruit class.

Code Analysis

1. The Fruit class has an __init__ method (constructor) that prints '1'.

2. The Apple class also has its own __init__ method that overrides the one from Fruit and prints '2'.

When we create an instance of Apple with obj = Apple(), Python will look for the __init__ method in the Apple class first. Since Apple has its own __init__ method, it overrides the __init__ method of Fruit. Therefore, only '2' is printed.

Output

The output of this code will be:

2

So, the correct answer is the second option: 2.

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 7 |What is the output of following Python code?

Let's go through this code snippet step-by-step:

try:

    print("1")

    raise Exception("2")

    print("3")

except Exception as e:

    print(str(e))

    print("4")

Explanation:

1. try Block Execution:

print("1"): This line executes first and outputs 1.

raise Exception("2"): This line raises an exception with the message "2". Because an exception is raised, the code execution immediately jumps to the except block, and the line print("3") is never executed.

2. except Block Execution:

print(str(e)): This line executes next, printing the exception message "2".

print("4"): This line then executes, printing 4.

Final Output:

The output is:

1

2

4

Correct Answer:

The correct answer is 124.

Read More

Automating Excel with Python

 

Automating Excel with Python 

In Automating Excel with Python: Processing Spreadsheets with OpenPyXL you will learn how to use Python to create, edit or read Microsoft Excel documents using OpenPyXL.

Python is a versatile programming language. You can use Python to read, write and edit Microsoft Excel documents. There are several different Python packages you can use, but this book will focus on OpenPyXL.

The OpenPyXL package allows you to work with Excel files on Windows, Mac and Linux, even if Excel isn't installed.

In this book, you will learn about the following:

• Opening and Saving Workbooks

• Reading Cells and Sheets

• Creating a Spreadsheet (adding / deleting rows and sheets, merging cells, folding, freeze panes)

• Cell Styling (font, alignment, side, border, images)

• Conditional Formatting

• Charts

• Comments

• and more!

Python is a great language that you can use to enhance your daily work, whether you are an experienced developer or a beginner!

Automating Excel with Python

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Python OOPS Challenge | Day 6 |What is the output of following Python code?

In this code, we define a class Rectangle with an initializer method __init__ and a method calcPerimeter to calculate the perimeter of the rectangle.

Code Breakdown:

1. __init__ method: This is the constructor of the class. When an object of the Rectangle class is created, it initializes the attributes a and b with the values provided as arguments.

def __init__(self, aVal, bVal):

    self.a = aVal

    self.b = bVal

Here, self.a and self.b are set to aVal and bVal, respectively.

2. calcPerimeter method: This method calculates the perimeter of the rectangle using the formula .

def calcPerimeter(self):

    return 2 * self.a + 2 * self.b

3. Creating an object and calling calcPerimeter:

obj = Rectangle(1, 5)

print(obj.calcPerimeter())

Here, we create an object obj of the Rectangle class with a = 1 and b = 5.

Then, calcPerimeter is called on obj, which calculates .

Output:

The output of this code is 12.

Read More

Retrieve System Information using Python

 

import wmi

c = wmi.WMI()

for os in c.Win32_OperatingSystem():

    

    print(f"OS Name: {os.Name}")

    print(f"Version: {os.Version}")

    print(f"Manufacturer: {os.Manufacturer}")

    print(f"Architecture: {os.OSArchitecture}")

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Python OOPS Challenge! Day 4 | What is the output of following Python code?

In this code snippet, an attempt is made to create an instance of the class SpaceObject, which inherits from ABC (Abstract Base Class) from Python's abc module. Here’s the breakdown of the code:

Explanation

1. Abstract Base Class (ABC):

The class SpaceObject inherits from ABC, which is used to define abstract base classes.

However, SpaceObject does not contain any abstract methods (methods decorated with @abstractmethod), making it a concrete class, even though it inherits from ABC.

2. Object Creation:

Since there are no abstract methods in SpaceObject, it is possible to instantiate this class directly.

The code obj = SpaceObject() will execute without any issues.

3. Output:

After creating the object, print('Object Creation') is called, which will print Object Creation to the console.

Conclusion

The correct answer is:

Object Creation

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Python OOPS Challenge! Day 5 | What is the output of following Python code?

The code snippet contains a class Tablet with a static method printModel. However, there’s an issue with how this static method is defined and used.

Explanation

1. Static Method Misuse:

printModel is decorated with @staticmethod, which means it should not accept any arguments except for optional ones. However, self is being used as a parameter, which is misleading.

Static methods do not have access to instance-specific data, so they cannot use self to access instance attributes like self.model.

2. Error Triggered:

When Tablet.printModel() is called, it tries to execute print(self.model).

Because printModel is a static method, self is not automatically passed, leading to a missing argument error.

This will raise a TypeError, saying something like "printModel() takes 0 positional arguments but 1 was given."

Output

The correct answer is:

Exception

Read More

Python Code for Periodic Table

 

import periodictable

Atomic_No = int(input("Enter Atomic No :"))

element = periodictable.elements[Atomic_No]

print('Name:', element.name)

print('Symbol:', element.symbol)

print('Atomic mass:', element.mass)

print('Density:', element.density)

#source code --> clcoding.com

Name: zinc

Symbol: Zn

Atomic mass: 65.409

Density: 7.133

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Calculate Derivatives using Python

 

import sympy as sym

x = sym.Symbol('x')

func= input("Enter the function: ")   

sym.Derivative(func, x) 

sym.Derivative(func, x, evaluate=True)

Read More

Plotting a World Map with Country Borders

 

pip install geopandas

import geopandas as gpd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

world = gpd.read_file('ne_110m_admin_0_countries.shp')

world.plot(edgecolor='black')

plt.title("World Map with Country Borders")

plt.show()

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Finally release your stress while Coding

 

About this item

[Good material] It is made of high-quality pearl foam material, it is not easy to age, durable and has a long service life.

[Big Enter Button]The Big Enter key is a button that is almost 6 times bigger than the real key. Dubbed as the "BIG ENTER", this is easy to use.

[Compatibility] All you need to do is to plug in the USB cable into your PC,laptop and it'll recognize as an "ENTER" key, it is compatibility with all operation systems such as windows,mac,linux etc .

[A pillow for your nap]The button itself is made out of soft sponge material so when you get tired, you can even use it as a pillow and take a nap on it.

[Release pressure]And when you're feeling stressed out, you can smash on it as hard as you can without fearing of breaking your keyboard. 

USA Buy: Finally release your stress while Coding

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Europe: Finally release your stress while Coding

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Introduction to Networking (Free Courses)

 

What you'll learn

You will learn what a network is and why it is needed.

Describe the network components and provide the requirements for a networking solution.

Introduce the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite and their role in networking.

Cover the basics of Ethernet technology and understand how data is forwarded in an Ethernet network.

There are 2 modules in this course

Welcome to the Introduction to Networking Course. 

In this course we will cover the basics of networking, introduce commonly used TCP/IP protocols and cover the fundamentals of an Ethernet network. 

In addition, you’ll be equipped with the basic knowledge to understand the main data center requirements and how they can be fulfilled.

Upon successful completion of the course's final exam, you will receive a digital completion certificate that confirms your understanding of Ethernet technology basics and data forwarding within an Ethernet network.

Join Free: Introduction to Networking (Free Courses)

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Colorful QR Code using Python

 

import pyqrcode

from PIL import Image

link = input("Enter anything to generate QR : ")

qr_code = pyqrcode.create(link)

qr_code.png("QRCode.png", scale=5)

Image.open("QRCode.png")

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Find director of a movie using Python

 

from imdb import IMDb

ia = IMDb()

movie_name = input("Enter the movie name: ")

movies = ia.search_movie(movie_name)

if movies:

    movie = movies[0]

    ia.update(movie)

    directors = movie.get('directors')

    if directors:

        print("Director(s):")

        for director in directors:

            print(director['name'])

    else:

        print("No director information found.")

else:

    print("Movie not found.")

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Find your country on a Map using Python

 

import plotly.express as px

country = input("Enter the country name: ")

data = {

    'Country': [country],

    'Values': [100]  }

fig = px.choropleth(

    data,

    locations='Country',

    locationmode='country names',

    color='Values',

    color_continuous_scale='Inferno',

    title=f'Country Map Highlighting {country}')

fig.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com

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Deep Learning with PyTorch : Image Segmentation

 

Deep Learning with PyTorch: Unveiling Image Segmentation

Mastering Image Segmentation Using PyTorch through Hands-on Learning

Introduction

Image segmentation is a critical task in computer vision that goes beyond classifying images. Instead of recognizing an object as a whole, segmentation involves identifying individual pixels belonging to each object, enabling applications in autonomous vehicles, medical imaging, and beyond. In hands-on project “Deep Learning with PyTorch: Image Segmentation,” learners explore the concepts and implementation of semantic segmentation using the power of PyTorch, a popular deep learning framework.

This blog takes you through the key highlights of the course and the insights you'll gain from participating in the project.

---

What is Image Segmentation?

At its core, image segmentation is about partitioning an image into multiple segments, where each pixel is assigned to a specific class or object. It generally comes in two primary types:

• Semantic segmentation: Assigns a label to every pixel, but objects of the same class (e.g., all cars) are treated identically.
• Instance segmentation: Differentiates individual objects, even if they belong to the same class.

Some real-world applications include:

• Autonomous vehicles: Identifying roads, pedestrians, and obstacles.
• Medical diagnosis: Locating tumors or abnormalities in MRI or X-ray images.
• Satellite imagery: Distinguishing between forests, cities, and water bodies.

---

Overview of the Course

This project provides a beginner-friendly introduction to building an image segmentation model using PyTorch. In just two hours, you’ll go through the entire process of preparing data, building the segmentation network, and training it for meaningful results.

What You'll Learn

1. PyTorch Basics:

   • Getting comfortable with PyTorch operations and tensors.
   • Understanding how neural networks are defined and trained.

2. Building a Segmentation Network:

   • Using U-Net, a well-known architecture for image segmentation tasks. U-Net is known for its ability to capture both global and local features, making it suitable for medical imaging and other pixel-based predictions.

3. Training and Evaluation:

   • Implementing the loss function to quantify segmentation errors.
   • Measuring accuracy using metrics like Intersection-over-Union (IoU).

4. Data Preparation:

   • Loading and preprocessing images and labels.
   • Working with image masks where each pixel’s value represents a class.

5. Visualizing Results:

   • Generating segmentation masks to compare predicted vs. actual outputs visually.

---

Why PyTorch for Image Segmentation?

PyTorch stands out for its flexibility, dynamic computation graphs, and strong support from the research community. For image segmentation, PyTorch offers several advantages:

• Customizability: Build and tweak models without extensive boilerplate code.
• Pre-trained Models: Access to pre-trained segmentation models via TorchVision.
• Rich Ecosystem: PyTorch integrates well with tools like TensorBoard for visualization and Hugging Face for additional resources.

---

Hands-on Approach to Learning

This project emphasizes practical, hands-on learning through a guided interface. You’ll build and train a model directly in your browser using cloud workspace—no need for separate installations! This project is especially helpful for those looking to:

• Get a quick introduction to PyTorch without diving into lengthy tutorials.
• Understand real-world workflows for image segmentation tasks.
• Explore how to prepare custom datasets for pixel-wise predictions.

---

Key Takeaways

By the end of this project, you will:

• Understand the concepts behind image segmentation and its applications.
• Know how to build a segmentation model from scratch using PyTorch.
• Be equipped with the knowledge to train and evaluate deep learning models for pixel-based tasks.

Whether you're a data science enthusiast, a student, or a professional exploring computer vision, this project provides a solid introduction to image segmentation and PyTorch fundamentals. With the knowledge gained, you can take on more advanced tasks like object detection, instance segmentation, and multi-class semantic segmentation.

---

Next Steps

Once you complete the project, consider:

• Exploring advanced architectures such as Mask R-CNN for instance segmentation.
• Working with larger datasets like COCO or Cityscapes.
• Building your own end-to-end computer vision applications using PyTorch.

“Deep Learning with PyTorch: Image Segmentation” serves as a launching pad into the fascinating world of computer vision. If you're ready to dive in, enroll now and start your journey toward mastering segmentation!

---

Final Thoughts

Image segmentation is not just a technical task—it’s an essential component in making AI systems understand the world at a granular level. This project will enable you to explore the magic of deep learning applied to computer vision, paving the way for both academic research and industry projects. With PyTorch in hand, the only limit is your imagination!

Join Free: Deep Learning with PyTorch : Image Segmentation

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DeepLearning.AI TensorFlow Developer Professional Certificate

 

Master AI Development with TensorFlow: A Guide to Coursera's TensorFlow in Practice Professional Certificate 🧠🚀

Introduction

Machine learning is revolutionizing industries, and TensorFlow has become one of the most widely used frameworks for building intelligent systems. If you’re ready to dive deep into AI and enhance your machine learning skills, the TensorFlow in Practice Professional Certificate on Coursera is a great place to start. Whether you're a data enthusiast or aspiring ML engineer, this certificate equips you with the right skills to build, train, and deploy cutting-edge neural networks.

In this blog, we’ll take a closer look at what this certificate offers, why it matters, and how it can boost your career. 👇

---

📋 What is the TensorFlow in Practice Certificate?

This four-course series, developed by deeplearning.ai, focuses on mastering TensorFlow—a powerful open-source platform for building machine learning models. You’ll learn how to apply deep learning algorithms, work with large datasets, and design AI models that can handle real-world tasks like image recognition and natural language processing (NLP).

---

📚 What You’ll Learn

1. Introduction to TensorFlow for AI, ML, and DL

   • Start with the fundamentals of TensorFlow.
   • Learn to implement basic neural networks.
   • Explore computer vision concepts for image recognition.

2. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) in TensorFlow

   • Understand how CNNs power applications like facial recognition and image classification.
   • Build CNNs for practical projects, including data from real-world images.

3. Natural Language Processing in TensorFlow

   • Explore Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) and LSTMs to handle sequential data.
   • Apply NLP techniques to sentiment analysis, text generation, and more.

4. Sequences, Time Series, and Prediction

   • Work with time-series data for forecasting and predictive models.
   • Build LSTM networks and other advanced models to capture temporal patterns.

---

💼 Why Should You Take This Course?

This certification not only teaches TensorFlow, but also covers essential deep learning concepts that are in high demand today. Here are a few benefits:

• Hands-on Projects: Work with real datasets and practical AI scenarios.
• Career Boost: TensorFlow is widely used by Google, Uber, Twitter, and more—making this a valuable skill.
• Job-Ready Skills: Prepare for roles like Machine Learning Engineer or Data Scientist.

---

🕒 Time Commitment

• 4 Courses (About 1 month per course, working part-time)
• Completely Online: Learn at your own pace with flexible deadlines.

With a total commitment of approximately 4 months, this program is ideal for busy professionals and students alike.

---

🌟 Who is it For?

This certificate is for anyone interested in building AI systems using TensorFlow, including:

• Data Scientists and Machine Learning Engineers
• Software Developers expanding into AI
• AI enthusiasts looking to build real-world projects

Basic Python programming skills are recommended before starting. If you’re already familiar with neural networks, you’ll get a chance to deepen your understanding and apply your knowledge more effectively.

---

🎯 How to Enroll

Enrollment is open year-round on Coursera, and financial aid is available. Upon completing the program, you’ll earn a professional certificate from Coursera and deeplearning.ai—a valuable credential to showcase on LinkedIn.

🔗 Enroll Now: TensorFlow in Practice Certificat

---

✨ Final Thoughts

As AI and machine learning become increasingly essential across industries, mastering TensorFlow gives you a competitive edge. The TensorFlow in Practice Professional Certificate offers a perfect blend of theory and practice, empowering you to create AI solutions for real-world challenges.

Whether you’re an aspiring ML engineer or a developer looking to enhance your skills, this certificate will set you on the right track for success.

Join Free: DeepLearning.AI TensorFlow Developer Professional Certificate

---

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Heatmap Plot in Python

 

import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

data = np.random.rand(10, 12)

sns.heatmap(data, cmap='Reds')

plt.show()

#source code -- clcoding.com

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Python Coding challenge - Day 245 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Let's break down the code step by step to explain what happens in the modify_list function and why the final result of print(my_list) is [1, 2, 3, 4].

def modify_list(lst, val):

    lst.append(val)

    lst = [100, 200, 300]

my_list = [1, 2, 3]

modify_list(my_list, 4)

print(my_list)

Step-by-step Explanation:

Function Definition: The function modify_list(lst, val) accepts two arguments:

lst: a list passed by reference (so modifications within the function affect the original list unless reassigned).

val: a value that will be appended to the list lst.

Initial State of my_list: Before calling the function, the list my_list is initialized with the values [1, 2, 3].

Calling the Function:

modify_list(my_list, 4)

We pass the list my_list and the value 4 as arguments to the function.

Inside the function, lst refers to the same list as my_list because lists are mutable and passed by reference.

First Line Inside the Function:

lst.append(val)

lst.append(4) adds the value 4 to the list.

Since lst refers to the same list as my_list, this operation modifies my_list as well.

At this point, my_list becomes [1, 2, 3, 4].

Reassignment of lst:

lst = [100, 200, 300]

This line creates a new list [100, 200, 300] and assigns it to the local variable lst.

However, this reassignment only affects the local variable lst inside the function. It does not modify the original list my_list.

After this line, lst refers to the new list [100, 200, 300], but my_list remains unchanged.

End of the Function: When the function finishes execution, lst (which is now [100, 200, 300]) is discarded because it was only a local variable.

my_list retains its modified state from earlier when the value 4 was appended.

Final Output:

print(my_list)

When we print my_list, it shows [1, 2, 3, 4] because the list was modified by lst.append(val) but not affected by the reassignment of lst.

Key Takeaways:

List Mutation: The append() method modifies the list in place, and since lists are mutable and passed by reference, my_list is modified by lst.append(val).

Local Reassignment: The line lst = [100, 200, 300] only reassigns lst within the function's scope. It does not affect my_list outside the function because the reassignment creates a new list that is local to the function.

Thus, the final output is [1, 2, 3, 4].

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Density plot using Python

 import seaborn as sns

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

import numpy as np

data = np.random.normal(size=1000)

sns.kdeplot(data, fill=True, color="blue")

plt.title("Density Plot")

plt.xlabel("Value")

plt.ylabel("Density")

plt.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com

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Map chart using Python

 

import plotly.express as px

data = {

    'Country': ['United States', 'Canada',

                'Brazil', 'Russia', 'India'],

    'Values': [100, 50, 80, 90, 70]

}

fig = px.choropleth(

    data,

    locations='Country',      

    locationmode='country names',

    color='Values',           

    color_continuous_scale='Blues',

    title='Choropleth Map of Values by Country')

fig.show()

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Gauge charts using Python

 

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Indicator(

    mode="gauge+number",

    value=65,

    title={'text': "Speed"},

    gauge={'axis': {'range': [0, 100]},

           'bar': {'color': "darkblue"},

           'steps': [{'range': [0, 50], 'color': "lightgray"},

                     {'range': [50, 100], 'color': "gray"}],

           'threshold': {'line': {'color': "red", 'width': 4},

                         'thickness': 0.75, 'value': 80}}))

fig.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com

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Waterfall Chart using Python

 

import plotly.graph_objects as go

fig = go.Figure(go.Waterfall(

    name = "20", orientation = "v",

    measure = ["relative", "relative", "total", "relative",

               "relative", "total"],

    x = ["Sales", "Consulting", "Net revenue", "Purchases",

         "Other expenses", "Profit before tax"],

    textposition = "outside",

    text = ["+60", "+80", "", "-40", "-20", "Total"],

    y = [60, 80, 0, -40, -20, 0],

    connector = {"line":{"color":"rgb(63, 63, 63)"}},

))

fig.update_layout(

        title = "Profit and loss statement 2024",

        showlegend = True

)

fig.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com

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Pareto Chart using Python

 

import pandas as pd

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt

data = {'Category': ['A', 'B', 'C', 'D', 'E'],

        'Frequency': [50, 30, 15, 5, 2]}

df = pd.DataFrame(data)

df = df.sort_values('Frequency', ascending=False)

df['Cumulative %'] = df['Frequency'].cumsum() / df['Frequency'].sum() * 100

fig, ax1 = plt.subplots()

ax1.bar(df['Category'], df['Frequency'], color='C4')

ax1.set_ylabel('Frequency')

ax2 = ax1.twinx()

ax2.plot(df['Category'], df['Cumulative %'], 'C1D')

ax2.set_ylabel('Cumulative %')

plt.title('Pareto Chart')

plt.show()

#source code --> clcoding.com

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Python programming workbook for IoT Development with Raspberry pi and MQTT: Hands-on Projects and exercises for building smart devices and IoT ... programming and code mastery books)

 

Ready to turn your Raspberry Pi into a smart device powerhouse?

This Python workbook is your ticket to building incredible IoT applications using MQTT, the communication protocol behind the Internet of Things. It's packed with hands-on projects that take you from beginner to builder, one step at a time.

What's inside?

• Learn by doing: Forget boring theory – we dive right into building smart home systems, environmental monitors, and more.
• Master MQTT: Understand this essential protocol, the backbone of IoT communication.
• Python skills made easy: Develop your coding confidence and create powerful IoT devices.
• Problem-solving: Get past common hurdles like complex coding, connectivity issues, data management, and security concerns.

Who's it for?

Whether you're a hobbyist tinkering in your garage, a student eager to learn, or an aspiring IoT developer, this workbook is your guide.

It's time to unleash the power of the Internet of Things.

Hard Copy : Python programming workbook for IoT Development with Raspberry pi and MQTT: Hands-on Projects and exercises for building smart devices and IoT ... programming and code mastery books)

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