Python Quiz on Arithmetic Operator

 

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Day 51: Python Program to Form an Integer that has Number of Digits at 10’s LSD at 1’s Place

 def form_integer(number):

    if number < 0:

        print("Please provide a non-negative integer.")

        return None

    num_str = str(number)

    num_digits = len(num_str)

    last_digit = int(num_str[-1])

    result = num_digits * 10 + last_digit

     return result

number = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))

new_integer = form_integer(number)

if new_integer is not None:

    print(f"The newly formed integer is: {new_integer}")

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Function Definition

def form_integer(number):

Defines a function named form_integer that accepts one parameter, number. This function processes the given number to generate a new integer.

2. Input Validation

if number < 0:

    print("Please provide a non-negative integer.")

    return None

Checks if the input number is negative. If it is, the function:

Prints a message: "Please provide a non-negative integer."

Returns None to terminate the function early and avoid further processing.

3. Convert Number to String

num_str = str(number)

Converts the input number to a string (num_str) so that its digits can be easily accessed and processed.

4. Count Digits

num_digits = len(num_str)

Calculates the total number of digits in the input number using the len() function. The result is stored in num_digits.

5. Extract the Last Digit

last_digit = int(num_str[-1])

Extracts the last digit of the number by accessing the last character of the string (num_str[-1]) and converting it back to an integer.

6. Form New Integer

result = num_digits * 10 + last_digit

Forms a new integer using the formula:

new integer=(number of digits×10)+(last digit)

7. Return Result

return result

Returns the newly formed integer (result) to the caller.

8. Input and Function Call

number = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))

Prompts the user to input a positive integer.

Converts the input to an integer and stores it in the variable number.

new_integer = form_integer(number)

Calls the form_integer function with number as the argument.

Stores the returned value in the variable new_integer.

9. Output the Result

if new_integer is not None:

    print(f"The newly formed integer is: {new_integer}")

Checks if the returned value (new_integer) is not None. If valid:

Prints the newly formed integer.

10. Error Handling

If the user enters a negative number, the program handles it gracefully by displaying a message and skipping further processing.

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Day 50 : Python Program to Find Gravitational Force Between the Two Object

import math

def calculate_gravitational_force(m1, m2, r):

    """Calculates the gravitational force between two objects."""

    G = 6.67430e-11  

    force = G * (m1 * m2) / (r ** 2)

    return force

def main():

    print("Gravitational Force Calculator")

    try:

        mass1 = float(input("Enter the mass of the first object (kg): "))

        mass2 = float(input("Enter the mass of the second object (kg): "))

        distance = float(input("Enter the distance between the objects (m): "))

        if mass1 <= 0 or mass2 <= 0 or distance <= 0:

            print("Masses and distance must be positive values.")

            return

        force = calculate_gravitational_force(mass1, mass2, distance)

        print(f"The gravitational force between the objects is {force:.2e} N.")

    except ValueError:

        print("Invalid input. Please enter numeric values.")

if __name__ == "__main__":

    main()

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

Function Definition

1. import math

Imports the math module. While not directly used in the current code, it might be added for future computations or extensions.

2. def calculate_gravitational_force(m1, m2, r):

Defines a function named calculate_gravitational_force that calculates the gravitational force between two objects.

Parameters:

m1: Mass of the first object (in kilograms).

m2: Mass of the second object (in kilograms).

r: Distance between the centers of the two objects (in meters).

3. G = 6.67430e-11

Declares the gravitational constant, G, which has a value of 

6.67430×10−11m3kg−1s−2.

4. force = G * (m1 * m2) / (r ** 2)

Calculates the gravitational force using the formula:

𝐹=𝐺*𝑚1⋅𝑚2/𝑟2

​The masses are multiplied, and the result is divided by the square of the distance.

5. return force

Returns the computed gravitational force to the caller.

Main Program Logic

6. def main():

Defines the main function to interact with the user.

7. print("Gravitational Force Calculator")

Displays a title message to introduce the program.

8. try:

Starts a try block to handle user input and potential errors.

9. mass1 = float(input("Enter the mass of the first object (kg): "))

Prompts the user to input the mass of the first object in kilograms and converts the input to a float.

10. mass2 = float(input("Enter the mass of the second object (kg): "))

Prompts the user to input the mass of the second object in kilograms and converts the input to a float.

11. distance = float(input("Enter the distance between the objects (m): "))

Prompts the user to input the distance between the objects in meters and converts the input to a float.

Validation

12. if mass1 <= 0 or mass2 <= 0 or distance <= 0:

Checks if any of the inputs (mass1, mass2, or distance) are less than or equal to zero.

Gravitational force requires positive values for mass and distance.

13. print("Masses and distance must be positive values.")

If validation fails, prints an error message.

14. return

Exits the function to prevent further computation.

Force Calculation

15. force = calculate_gravitational_force(mass1, mass2, distance)

Calls the calculate_gravitational_force function with the user-provided inputs and stores the result in the variable force.

16. print(f"The gravitational force between the objects is {force:.2e} N.")

Prints the calculated gravitational force in scientific notation with two decimal places, followed by the unit N (Newtons).

Error Handling

17. except ValueError:

Catches any ValueError that occurs if the user inputs invalid (non-numeric) data.

18. print("Invalid input. Please enter numeric values.")

Displays an error message when a ValueError is caught.

Program Entry Point

19. if __name__ == "__main__":

Ensures that the main() function is only executed when the script is run directly, not when imported as a module.

20. main()

Calls the main function to start the program.

 

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Quiz on Python Function

 

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Python Bitwise Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

 Bitwise operators in Python allow you to perform operations at the bit level. These operators are essential for tasks such as low-level programming, cryptography, and working with hardware. In this guide, we will explore all Python bitwise operators with clear examples to help you master their usage.

---

1. What Are Bitwise Operators?

Bitwise operators work on binary representations of numbers (bits). These operators directly manipulate the bits and return results based on bitwise operations. Python provides the following bitwise operators:

Operator	Name	Description
&	Bitwise AND	Sets each bit to 1 if both bits are 1
|	Bitwise OR	Sets each bit to 1 if at least one bit is 1
^	Bitwise XOR	Sets each bit to 1 if only one bit is 1
~	Bitwise NOT	Inverts all the bits
<<	Left Shift	Shifts bits to the left
>>	Right Shift	Shifts bits to the right

---

2. Understanding Binary Representation

Before diving into examples, it is crucial to understand how numbers are represented in binary.

For example:

• 5 in binary is 0101

• 3 in binary is 0011

---

3. **Bitwise AND (&)

The & operator compares each bit of two numbers. A bit is set to 1 if both corresponding bits are 1.

Syntax:

result = a & b

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
b = 3  # Binary: 0011
result = a & b  # Binary: 0001
print(result)  # Output: 1

Truth Table:

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

---

4. **Bitwise OR (|)

The | operator compares each bit of two numbers. A bit is set to 1 if at least one of the corresponding bits is 1.

Syntax:

result = a | b

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
b = 3  # Binary: 0011
result = a | b  # Binary: 0111
print(result)  # Output: 7

Truth Table:

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

---

5. **Bitwise XOR (^)

The ^ operator compares each bit of two numbers. A bit is set to 1 if the corresponding bits are different.

Syntax:

result = a ^ b

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
b = 3  # Binary: 0011
result = a ^ b  # Binary: 0110
print(result)  # Output: 6

Truth Table:

Bit 1	Bit 2	Result
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	0

---

6. **Bitwise NOT (~)

The ~ operator inverts all the bits of a number. For positive numbers, it returns the negative value of the number minus one.

Syntax:

result = ~a

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
result = ~a  # Binary: -0110
print(result)  # Output: -6

Explanation:

In binary, ~5 flips all bits of 0101 to 1010. In two's complement representation, this corresponds to -6.

---

7. **Left Shift (<<)

The << operator shifts the bits of a number to the left by the specified number of positions. Each left shift doubles the number.

Syntax:

result = a << n

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
result = a << 2  # Binary: 10100
print(result)  # Output: 20

Explanation:

Shifting 0101 two places to the left gives 10100, which is 20 in decimal.

---

8. **Right Shift (>>)

The >> operator shifts the bits of a number to the right by the specified number of positions. Each right shift divides the number by two (ignoring the remainder).

Syntax:

result = a >> n

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
result = a >> 2  # Binary: 0001
print(result)  # Output: 1

Explanation:

Shifting 0101 two places to the right gives 0001, which is 1 in decimal.

---

9. Combining Bitwise Operators

You can combine bitwise operators to perform complex bit-level operations.

Example:

a = 5  # Binary: 0101
b = 3  # Binary: 0011

# Combining operators
result = (a & b) | (~a)
print(result)  # Output: -2

---

10. Practical Applications of Bitwise Operators

1. Setting and Clearing Bits

# Setting a bit
number = 0b1010
position = 1
number |= (1 << position)
print(bin(number))  # Output: 0b1011

# Clearing a bit
number &= ~(1 << position)
print(bin(number))  # Output: 0b1010

2. Checking if a Bit is Set

number = 0b1010
position = 2
is_set = (number & (1 << position)) != 0
print(is_set)  # Output: True

3. Swapping Two Numbers Without a Temporary Variable

a = 5
b = 3

a = a ^ b
b = a ^ b
a = a ^ b

print(a, b)  # Output: 3, 5

---

11. Common Mistakes with Bitwise Operators

Mistake 1: Confusing Bitwise Operators with Logical Operators

a = 5
b = 3
# Incorrect: Using 'and' instead of '&'
result = a and b  # Logical AND, not Bitwise AND
print(result)  # Output: 3

Mistake 2: Ignoring Operator Precedence

result = ~a & b  # Not the same as ~(a & b)

Use parentheses to make the precedence clear.

---

Conclusion

Bitwise operators are powerful tools in Python for performing low-level operations. They are invaluable in fields like cryptography, network programming, and embedded systems. By mastering these operators, you can write more efficient and optimized code.

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Python Logical Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

Logical operators in Python are essential tools for combining and manipulating conditional statements. They allow you to evaluate multiple conditions and return a boolean result (‘True’ or ‘False’). In this guide, we will delve deep into Python's logical operators: and, or, and not, along with practical examples.

---

1. What are Logical Operators?

Logical operators are used to combine conditional expressions. The result of a logical operation depends on the truth values (‘True’ or ‘False’) of the individual expressions involved. Python provides three logical operators:

1. and

2. or

3. not

---

2. The and Operator

The and operator returns True if both conditions are True. If either condition is False, the result is False.

Syntax:

condition1 and condition2

Truth Table:

Condition 1	Condition 2	Result
True	True	True
True	False	False
False	True	False
False	False	False

Example:

age = 25
is_employed = True

# Check if the person is above 18 and employed
if age > 18 and is_employed:
    print("Eligible for the job.")
else:
    print("Not eligible for the job.")

Output:

Eligible for the job.

---

3. The or Operator

The or operator returns True if at least one of the conditions is True. It only returns False if both conditions are False.

Syntax:

condition1 or condition2

Truth Table:

Condition 1	Condition 2	Result
True	True	True
True	False	True
False	True	True
False	False	False

Example:

age = 16
has_permission = True

# Check if the person is above 18 or has permission
if age > 18 or has_permission:
    print("Access granted.")
else:
    print("Access denied.")

Output:

Access granted.

---

4. The not Operator

The not operator is a unary operator that reverses the truth value of the condition. If the condition is True, it returns False, and vice versa.

Syntax:

not condition

Truth Table:

Condition	Result
True	False
False	True

Example:

is_raining = False

# Check if it is not raining
if not is_raining:
    print("You can go for a walk.")
else:
    print("Better stay indoors.")

Output:

You can go for a walk.

---

5. Combining Logical Operators

Logical operators can be combined to evaluate complex conditions. Python evaluates them based on operator precedence:

1. not (highest precedence)

2. and

3. or (lowest precedence)

You can use parentheses () to control the order of evaluation.

Example:

age = 20
has_permission = False
is_employed = True

# Complex condition
if (age > 18 and is_employed) or has_permission:
    print("Eligible for the program.")
else:
    print("Not eligible for the program.")

Output:

Eligible for the program.

---

6. Practical Use Cases of Logical Operators

Case 1: Login Authentication

username = "admin"
password = "1234"

# Check if username and password match
if username == "admin" and password == "1234":
    print("Login successful.")
else:
    print("Invalid credentials.")

Case 2: Traffic Signal

light_color = "green"
car_stopped = True

# Check if it is safe to cross the road
if light_color == "green" and car_stopped:
    print("You can cross the road.")
else:
    print("Wait until it is safe.")

Case 3: Discount Eligibility

age = 65
is_member = True

# Check if eligible for a discount
if age > 60 or is_member:
    print("Eligible for a discount.")
else:
    print("Not eligible for a discount.")

---

7. Common Pitfalls with Logical Operators

Mistake 1: Forgetting Operator Precedence

x = True
y = False
z = True

# Misunderstanding precedence
result = x or y and z  # Evaluates as x or (y and z)
print(result)  # Output: True

Mistake 2: Using = Instead of ==

x = 10

# Incorrect condition
if x = 10:  # This will throw a SyntaxError
    print("x is 10")

---

Conclusion

Logical operators are powerful tools in Python for building complex conditional statements. Understanding how to use and, or, and not, along with their precedence rules, will enable you to write efficient and clear code. Practice combining logical operators with real-world scenarios to master their usage!

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Python Operators: A Comprehensive Guide

Operators are fundamental building blocks of programming, and Python provides a rich set of operators to perform various operations on variables and values. This guide will walk you through the different types of operators available in Python, complete with examples to help you understand how they work.

---

1. Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic operators are used to perform mathematical operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, etc.

Operator	Description	Example
+	Addition	5 + 3 = 8
-	Subtraction	5 - 3 = 2
*	Multiplication	5 * 3 = 15
/	Division	5 / 2 = 2.5
%	Modulus	5 % 2 = 1
**	Exponentiation	5 ** 2 = 25
//	Floor Division	5 // 2 = 2

Example:

x = 10 

y = 3 

print("Addition:", x + y) 

print("Subtraction:", x - y) 

print("Multiplication:", x * y) 

print("Division:", x / y) 

print("Modulus:", x % y) 

print("Exponentiation:", x ** y) 

print("Floor Division:", x // y)

---

2. Comparison Operators

Comparison operators are used to compare two values and return a boolean result (‘True’ or ‘False’).

Operator	Description	Example
==	Equal to	5 == 3 (False)
!=	Not equal to	5 != 3 (True)
>	Greater than	5 > 3 (True)
<	Less than	5 < 3 (False)
>=	Greater than or equal to	5 >= 3 (True)
<=	Less than or equal to	5 <= 3 (False)

Example:

a = 7
b = 4
print("Equal to:", a == b)
print("Not equal to:", a != b) 
print("Greater than:", a > b)
print("Less than:", a < b)
print("Greater than or equal to:", a >= b)
print("Less than or equal to:", a <= b)

---

3. Logical Operators

Logical operators are used to combine conditional statements.

Operator	Description	Example
and	Returns True if both statements are True	(5 > 3 and 7 > 4)
or	Returns True if one of the statements is True	(5 > 3 or 7 < 4)
not	Reverses the result	not(5 > 3)

Example:

x = True
y = False
print("AND Operator:", x and y)
print("OR Operator:", x or y)
print("NOT Operator:", not x)

---

4. Assignment Operators

Assignment operators are used to assign values to variables.

Operator	Description	Example
=	Assign	x = 5
+=	Add and assign	x += 3 (x=x+3)
-=	Subtract and assign	x -= 3 (x=x-3)
*=	Multiply and assign	x *= 3 (x=x*3)
/=	Divide and assign	x /= 3 (x=x/3)
%=	Modulus and assign	x %= 3 (x=x%3)
//=	Floor divide and assign	x //= 3
**=	Exponentiate and assign	x **= 3

Example:

x = 10
x += 5
print("Add and assign:", x)
x *= 2
print("Multiply and assign:", x)

---

5. Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators work on bits and perform operations bit by bit.

Operator	Description	Example
&	AND	5 & 3
`	`	OR	`5	3`
^	XOR	5 ^ 3
~	NOT	~5
<<	Left shift	5 << 1
>>	Right shift	5 >> 1

Example:

a = 5
b = 3
print("Bitwise AND:", a & b)
print("Bitwise OR:", a | b)
print("Bitwise XOR:", a ^ b)
print("Bitwise NOT:", ~a)
print("Left shift:", a << 1)
print("Right shift:", a >> 1)

---

6. Membership Operators

Membership operators are used to test if a sequence contains a specified value.

Operator	Description	Example
in	Returns True if a value is found in a sequence	'a' in 'apple'
not in	Returns True if a value is not found in a sequence	'b' not in 'apple'

Example:

string = "hello"
print("'h' in string:", 'h' in string)
print("'z' not in string:", 'z' not in string)

---

7. Identity Operators

Identity operators are used to compare the memory location of two objects.

Operator	Description	Example
is	Returns True if both variables are the same object	x is y
is not	Returns True if both variables are not the same object	x is not y

Example:

a = [1, 2, 3]
b = a
c = [1, 2, 3]
print("a is b:", a is b)
print("a is not c:", a is not c)

---

8. Special Operators: Operator Precedence

Operator precedence determines the order in which operations are performed. For example, multiplication has a higher precedence than addition.

Example:

result = 5 + 3 * 2
print("Result:", result)  # Output: 11 (Multiplication first, then addition)

You can use parentheses () to override the precedence.

Example:

result = (5 + 3) * 2
print("Result:", result)  # Output: 16

---

Conclusion

Understanding Python operators is essential for writing efficient and readable code. This guide covered arithmetic, comparison, logical, assignment, bitwise, membership, and identity operators with examples. By mastering these operators, you can manipulate data effectively and create more complex programs.

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Day 48: Python Program To Clear Rightmost Set Bit of a Number

 

def clear_rightmost_set_bit(n):

    """

    Clears the rightmost set bit of the given number.

    :param n: The input number

    :return: The number with the rightmost set bit cleared

    """

    return n & (n - 1)

num = int(input("Enter a non-negative integer: "))  

result = clear_rightmost_set_bit(num)

print(f"Original number: {num} (Binary: {bin(num)})")

print(f"Number after clearing rightmost set bit: {result} (Binary: {bin(result)})")

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Function Definition

def clear_rightmost_set_bit(n):

    """

    Clears the rightmost set bit of the given number.

    :param n: The input number

    :return: The number with the rightmost set bit cleared

    """

    return n & (n - 1)

Key Points:

Rightmost Set Bit:

The rightmost set bit is the first 1 from the right in the binary representation of the number.

For example:

10 (binary: 1010) → The rightmost set bit is the second position from the right (2^1).

18 (binary: 10010) → The rightmost set bit is the fifth position from the right (2^4).

Clearing the Rightmost Set Bit:

The operation n & (n - 1) clears the rightmost set bit. Here's how:

Subtracting 1 from n flips all bits to the right of the rightmost set bit and flips the rightmost set bit to 0.

The & operation (bitwise AND) keeps all other bits unchanged but ensures the rightmost set bit is cleared.

Example:

For n = 10 (binary: 1010):

n - 1 = 9 (binary: 1001)

n & (n - 1) = 1010 & 1001 = 1000 (decimal: 8)

2. Input Handling

num = int(input("Enter a non-negative integer: "))  

Prompts the user to input a non-negative integer and stores it in num.

3. Call the Function

result = clear_rightmost_set_bit(num)

Calls the function clear_rightmost_set_bit with the input number num.

Stores the result (the number after clearing the rightmost set bit) in result.

4. Display the Results

print(f"Original number: {num} (Binary: {bin(num)})")

print(f"Number after clearing rightmost set bit: {result} (Binary: {bin(result)})")

bin():

Converts the integer into its binary representation (as a string prefixed with 0b).

For example:

bin(10) → '0b1010'

bin(8) → '0b1000'

Displays:

The original number and its binary representation.

The result after clearing the rightmost set bit and its binary representation.

Output:

Original number: 18 (Binary: 0b10010)

Number after clearing rightmost set bit: 16 (Binary: 0b10000)

Source

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Day 49 : Python Program to Test Collatz Conjecture for a Given Number

def collatz_conjecture(n):

    if n <= 0:

        print("Please enter a positive integer.")

        return

     print(f"Starting number: {n}")

    while n != 1:

        if n % 2 == 0:

            n = n // 2

        else:

            n = 3 * n + 1

        print(n, end=" ")

    print("\nReached 1!")

try:

    number = int(input("Enter a positive integer to test the Collatz conjecture: "))

    collatz_conjecture(number)

except ValueError:

    print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid integer.")

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

1. Function Definition

def collatz_conjecture(n):

This function implements the Collatz sequence starting from the number n.

2. Input Validation

if n <= 0:

    print("Please enter a positive integer.")

    return

The Collatz Conjecture only applies to positive integers.

If the input n is not a positive number (e.g., 0 or a negative number), the function prints an error message and exits using return.

3. Start the Sequence

print(f"Starting number: {n}")

Prints the starting number to indicate the beginning of the Collatz sequence.

4. Collatz Algorithm

while n != 1:

    if n % 2 == 0:

        n = n // 2

    else:

        n = 3 * n + 1

    print(n, end=" ")

while n != 1:

The loop runs until the number n becomes 1.

if n % 2 == 0:

Checks if n is even. If true, divide n by 2 (n = n // 2).

else:

If n is odd, apply the formula 3 * n + 1.

print(n, end=" "):

Prints the value of n after each step.

end=" " ensures all numbers are printed on the same line, separated by spaces.

5. Reached the End

print("\nReached 1!")

Once the loop ends (i.e., n == 1), this message is printed.

Error Handling

try:

    number = int(input("Enter a positive integer to test the Collatz conjecture: "))

    collatz_conjecture(number)

except ValueError:

    print("Invalid input! Please enter a valid integer.")

try-except Block:

Handles errors if the user enters invalid input (e.g., letters or symbols instead of numbers).

int(input()):

Prompts the user to enter a number and converts it to an integer.

ValueError:

If the user enters non-numeric input, Python raises a ValueError.

The program catches this error and prints an error message.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 16 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

The .istitle() method:

This method checks whether a string follows title case formatting.

A string is considered title case if:

The first character of each word is uppercase.

All other characters in each word are lowercase.

Words are separated by non-alphanumeric characters (like spaces, punctuation, or special symbols).

Breaking down the input string:

'Hello!2@#World' is split into words at non-alphanumeric boundaries.

The "words" identified in this string are:

'Hello' (first character uppercase, rest lowercase → valid title case).

'World' (first character uppercase, rest lowercase → valid title case).

Special characters and numbers:

Special characters (!2@#) are ignored in determining title case.

As long as the alphanumeric words follow the title case rules, .istitle() will return True.

Why the result is True:

The string 'Hello!2@#World' meets the criteria for title case:

The two words (Hello and World) follow title case rules.

Non-alphanumeric characters and numbers do not break the title case structure.

Final Output:

True

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Python Coding challenge - Day 15 | What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

The copy method:

a.copy() creates a shallow copy of the list a.

A shallow copy means that a new list object is created, but the elements inside the list (if mutable) are not deeply copied.

The is operator:

is checks for object identity, i.e., whether two variables refer to the same object in memory.

What happens here:

a and b are two distinct list objects in memory because a.copy() created a new list.

Even though the contents of the two lists are the same, they are not the same object.

Verification:

print(a == b) would return True because == checks for value equality, and both lists contain the same elements.

print(a is b) returns False because they are two different objects in memory.

Final Output:

False

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Python None Type Quiz

 

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Tic Tac Toe Game using Gui

 

import tkinter as tk

from tkinter import messagebox

def check_winner():

    """Checks if there is a winner or if the game is a draw."""

    for row in board:

        if row[0]["text"] == row[1]["text"] == row[2]["text"] != "":

            return row[0]["text"]

    for col in range(3):

        if board[0][col]["text"] == board[1][col]["text"] == board[2][col]["text"] != "":

            return board[0][col]["text"]

    if board[0][0]["text"] == board[1][1]["text"] == board[2][2]["text"] != "":

        return board[0][0]["text"]

    if board[0][2]["text"] == board[1][1]["text"] == board[2][0]["text"] != "":

        return board[0][2]["text"]

    if all(board[row][col]["text"] != "" for row in range(3) for col in range(3)):

        return "Draw"

    return None

def on_click(row, col):

    """Handles button click events."""

    global current_player

    if board[row][col]["text"] == "":

        board[row][col]["text"] = current_player

        winner = check_winner()

        if winner:

            if winner == "Draw":

                messagebox.showinfo("Game Over", "It's a draw!")

            else:

                messagebox.showinfo("Game Over", f"Player {winner} wins!")

            reset_board()

        else:

            current_player = "O" if current_player == "X" else "X"

def reset_board():

    """Resets the game board for a new game."""

    global current_player

    current_player = "X"

    for row in range(3):

        for col in range(3):

            board[row][col]["text"] = ""

# Create the main window

root = tk.Tk()

root.title("Tic-Tac-Toe")

# Initialize variables

current_player = "X"

board = [[None for _ in range(3)] for _ in range(3)]

# Create the game board (3x3 buttons)

for row in range(3):

    for col in range(3):

        button = tk.Button(

            root, text="", font=("Helvetica", 20), height=2, width=5,

            command=lambda r=row, c=col: on_click(r, c)

        )

        button.grid(row=row, column=col)

        board[row][col] = button

# Run the application

root.mainloop()

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Python Coding challenge - Day 14| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

1. Creating a List

x = [1, 2, 3]

A list x is created with elements [1, 2, 3].

This creates an object in memory, and the variable x refers to that object.

2. Assigning y = x

y = x

Here, y is assigned the same reference as x.

Both x and y now refer to the same object in memory.

No new object is created during this assignment.

3. Checking Identity with is

print(x is y)

The is operator checks if two variables refer to the same object in memory.

Since y is assigned directly to x, they share the same memory reference.

The result of x is y is True.

Key Concepts

1. Object Identity (is)

is:

Checks if two variables point to the same object in memory.

It does not compare the values of the objects.

2. Example of is vs ==

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = [1, 2, 3]

print(x == y)  # True: Values of x and y are the same.

print(x is y)  # False: x and y are different objects in memory.

== checks for value equality, while is checks for object identity.

3. Shared Reference

Since x and y point to the same object, changes to the list through one variable affect the other:

x = [1, 2, 3]

y = x

x.append(4)

print(y)  # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4]

Output

True

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Python Coding challenge - Day 13| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Code Explanation:

1. Creating Sets

set1 = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}

set2 = {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}

set1: Contains the elements {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}.

set2: Contains the elements {4, 5, 6, 7, 8}.

Sets in Python:

Unordered collections of unique elements.

Duplicate elements are not allowed.

Supports set operations like union, intersection, difference, etc.

2. Using difference()

result = set1.difference(set2)

The difference() method finds elements that are in set1 but not in set2.

It compares set1 and set2 element by element:

In set1 but not in set2: {1, 2, 3}.

Shared elements: {4, 5} (ignored in the result).

Only in set2: {6, 7, 8} (irrelevant for this operation).

Result:

result = {1, 2, 3} (a new set containing only the unique elements from set1 that are not in set2).

3. Output (if printed)

If you add:

print(result)

The output would be:

{1, 2, 3}

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Day 47: Python Program to Set Bit of an Integer

def count_set_bits(n):

    count=0

    while n > 0:

        count += n & 1

        n >>= 1

        return count

num=int(input("Enter an integer"))

print(f"The number of set bits in {num}is{count_set_bits(num)}.")

#source code --> clcoding.com 

 Code Explanation:

Function: count_set_bits

def count_set_bits(n):

    count = 0

    while n > 0:

        count += n & 1

        n >>= 1

        return count

Initialization:

count = 0: Initializes a variable count to store the number of set bits.

Logic:

n & 1: This operation checks if the least significant bit (LSB) of n is 1.

& is a bitwise AND operator. It returns 1 only if both corresponding bits are 1.

For example:

5 (binary: 101) & 1 (binary: 001) = 1 (LSB is 1).

4 (binary: 100) & 1 (binary: 001) = 0 (LSB is 0).

count += n & 1: Adds 1 to count if the LSB of n is 1.

n >>= 1: Right-shifts n by 1 bit to examine the next bit.

For example:

If n = 5 (binary: 101), n >> 1 = 2 (binary: 10).

If n = 2 (binary: 10), n >> 1 = 1 (binary: 1).

Loop Condition:

The loop continues as long as n > 0, meaning there are more bits to check.

Return Value:

The function returns count, which is the total number of set bits in the binary representation of n.

num = int(input("Enter an integer"))

Prompts the user to input an integer (num).

Converts the input string to an integer using int().

print(f"The number of set bits in {num} is {count_set_bits(num)}.")

Calls the count_set_bits function with num as input.

Prints the number of set bits.

Input:

Enter an integer: 5

Execution of count_set_bits(5)

Initial value: n = 5 (binary: 101), count = 0.

First iteration:

n & 1: 101 & 001 = 1 (LSB is 1).

count += 1: count = 1.

n >>= 1: n = 2 (binary: 10).

Second iteration:

n & 1: 10 & 01 = 0 (LSB is 0).

count = 1 (no increment).

n >>= 1: n = 1 (binary: 1).

Third iteration:

n & 1: 1 & 1 = 1 (LSB is 1).

count += 1: count = 2.

n >>= 1: n = 0 (loop exits).

Return count = 2.

Output:

The number of set bits in 5 is 2.

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Day 46: Python Program to Swap Two Numbers Without Using The Third Variable

 

def swap_numbers(a, b):

    a = a + b

    b = a - b

    a = a - b

    return a, b

a = int(input("Enter the first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

a, b = swap_numbers(a, b)

print(f"After swapping: First number = {a} and Second number = {b}")

#source code --> clcoding.com 

Code Explanation:

Function: swap_numbers

def swap_numbers(a, b):

    a = a + b

    b = a - b

    a = a - b

    return a, b

Purpose: This function swaps the values of a and b using arithmetic operations.

Process:

a = a + b: The sum of a and b is stored in a.

b = a - b: The new value of b becomes the original value of a.

a = a - b: The new value of a becomes the original value of b.

Return Value: The function returns the swapped values of a and b.

a = int(input("Enter the first number: "))

b = int(input("Enter the second number: "))

Input:

Prompts the user to enter two integers (a and b).

Converts the inputs into integers using int().

a, b = swap_numbers(a, b)

Function Call: Passes the user-provided values of a and b to the swap_numbers function.

Result: After the function executes, the values of a and b are swapped.

print(f"After swapping: First number = {a} and Second number = {b}")

Output: 

Prints the swapped values of a and b.

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Python Binary Type Quiz

 

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Python Coding Challange - Question With Answer(01201224)

 

What will be the output of the following code?

import numpy as np
arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])
result = arr * arr[::-1]
print(result)

[1, 4, 9, 16]
[4, 6, 6, 4]
[4, 6, 6]
[4, 4, 4, 4]

Step 1: Create the NumPy array

The line:

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4])

creates a 1D NumPy array:

arr = [1, 2, 3, 4]

---

Step 2: Reverse the array using arr[::-1]

The slicing operation arr[::-1] reverses the array:

arr[::-1] = [4, 3, 2, 1]

---

Step 3: Element-wise multiplication

In NumPy, when you multiply two arrays of the same shape, the multiplication is element-wise. This means each element in one array is multiplied by the corresponding element in the other array.

result = arr * arr[::-1]

Here:

arr       = [1, 2, 3, 4]
arr[::-1] = [4, 3, 2, 1]

Performing the element-wise multiplication:

result = [1*4, 2*3, 3*2, 4*1]
       = [4, 6, 6, 4]

---

Step 4: Print the result

Finally:

print(result)

outputs:

[4, 6, 6, 4]

---

Key Points:

1. arr[::-1] reverses the array.
2. Element-wise operations are default behavior in NumPy when performing arithmetic on arrays of the same size.
3. The multiplication here computes each element as arr[i] * arr[len(arr)-i-1]

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Python Tips of the day - 19122024

 

Python Tip: Use List Comprehensions for Simplicity

When working with lists in Python, you’ll often find yourself creating a new list by performing some operation on each element of an existing iterable, such as a list or range. While you can use a traditional for loop to achieve this, Python offers a cleaner and more concise way: list comprehensions.

The Traditional Way: Using a for Loop

Here’s how you might traditionally create a list of squares using a for loop:

# The traditional way
result = []
for x in range(10):
      result.append(x**2)

In this code:

• An empty list, result, is initialized.

• A for loop iterates through numbers from 0 to 9 (using range(10)).

• Each number, x, is squared (x**2) and appended to the result list.

While this code works, it’s somewhat verbose and introduces multiple lines of code for a simple operation.

The Pythonic Way: Using List Comprehensions

With a list comprehension, you can achieve the same result in a single, elegant line of code:

# The Pythonic way
result = [x**2 for x in range(10)]

How It Works:

The syntax of a list comprehension is:

[expression for item in iterable]

Breaking it down for our example:

• Expression: x**2 – This is the operation applied to each item in the iterable.

• Item: x – Represents each value in the iterable.

• Iterable: range(10) – Generates numbers from 0 to 9.

For each number in the range, Python calculates x**2 and adds it to the resulting list, all in a single line.

Comparing the Outputs

Both methods produce the same result:

print(result) # Output: [0, 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81]

Why Use List Comprehensions?

1. Conciseness: List comprehensions reduce multiple lines of code to a single line, making your code shorter and easier to read.

2. Readability: Once you’re familiar with the syntax, list comprehensions are more intuitive than traditional loops.

3. Performance: List comprehensions are generally faster than for loops because they are optimized at the C level in Python.

Advanced Example: Adding Conditions

You can enhance list comprehensions by adding conditional statements. For example, to include only the squares of even numbers:

result = [x**2 for x in range(10) if x % 2 == 0]
print(result) # Output: [0, 4, 16, 36, 64]

Here:

• The condition if x % 2 == 0 filters the numbers, including only those divisible by 2.

Practical Applications

List comprehensions are not just limited to simple operations. Here are a few practical examples:

1. Convert Strings to Uppercase

words = ['hello', 'world']
uppercase_words = [word.upper() for word in words]
print(uppercase_words) # Output: ['HELLO', 'WORLD']

2. Flatten a Nested List

nested_list = [[1, 2], [3, 4], [5, 6]]
flattened = [num for sublist in nested_list for num in sublist]
print(flattened) # Output: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6]

3. Generate a List of Tuples

pairs = [(x, y) for x in range(3) for y in range(3)]
print(pairs)
# Output: [(0, 0), (0, 1), (0, 2), (1, 0), (1, 1), (1, 2), (2, 0), (2, 1), (2, 2)]

Conclusion

List comprehensions are a powerful tool in Python that make your code more concise, readable, and efficient. Whenever you find yourself writing a loop to create a list, consider using a list comprehension instead. It’s one of the many features that makes Python both elegant and practical.

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Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation

 

In today’s fast-paced software development environment, automation testing is no longer a luxury but a necessity. With increasing competition and user expectations for flawless digital experiences, ensuring the reliability of web applications has become a critical priority. Selenium WebDriver, a powerful tool for web application testing, has emerged as a cornerstone for modern quality assurance engineers and developers.

However, mastering Selenium WebDriver requires more than just understanding the basics. To create robust, efficient, and scalable automation frameworks, professionals need to delve into advanced techniques and real-world applications. This is where the Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation course on Coursera, offered by Packt Publishing, comes into play.

This course is a meticulously designed learning journey that bridges the gap between foundational knowledge and expert-level proficiency. Whether you are looking to tackle dynamic web elements, optimize your test execution, or integrate Selenium with other essential tools, this course equips you with the skills to succeed.

Course Overview

The "Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation" course is tailored for individuals who already have a basic understanding of Selenium and are ready to explore its more advanced functionalities. It’s a structured, hands-on program that delves into sophisticated concepts, enabling learners to manage complex automation challenges effectively.

Key Features of the Course

Platform: Coursera, known for its diverse range of professional courses.

Provider: Packt Publishing, a trusted name in tech education.

Level: Intermediate, ideal for those with prior Selenium experience.

Duration: Flexible pacing, allowing you to learn at your convenience.

Focus Areas: Advanced Selenium techniques, real-world scenarios, integration with tools, and best practices in test automation.

Who Should Take This Course?

This course is suitable for:

Quality Assurance Engineers: QA professionals looking to refine their automation skills to tackle more complex testing scenarios.

Developers: Software engineers who want to incorporate automated testing into their development workflows.

Students and Career Changers: Individuals transitioning into a testing role or expanding their skill set in software quality assurance.

Prerequisites

To maximize your learning experience, you should have:

A foundational understanding of Selenium WebDriver.

Basic knowledge of programming languages like Java, Python, or C#.

Familiarity with web technologies such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

What you'll learn

• Understand the installation and configuration of Selenium WebDriver for multiple browsers
• Apply skills to automate web tests across different operating systems
• Analyze and locate web elements using advanced XPath and CSS Selectors
• Evaluate and implement efficient wait strategies for reliable test execution

Why Choose This Course?

1. Industry-Relevant Content

Packt Publishing’s courses are crafted by experts with real-world experience. This course not only teaches theory but emphasizes practical, applicable skills that can be directly implemented in your projects.

2. Hands-On Learning

The course includes extensive hands-on exercises and assignments. These practical components ensure you’re not just learning concepts but actively applying them to build expertise.

3. Flexible Learning

Coursera’s platform allows you to learn at your own pace, making it ideal for busy professionals. You can revisit modules, replay lectures, and practice as needed.

4. Career Boost

With Selenium being one of the most sought-after skills in the QA and development domains, this course can significantly enhance your career prospects. Whether you’re aiming for a promotion, transitioning to automation, or simply staying competitive, this course is a valuable asset.

Future Enhancements for the Course

To remain at the forefront of automation testing education, here are potential enhancements for the "Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation" course:

Inclusion of AI-Powered Testing Tools:

Covering AI-driven tools like Testim or Applitools for smarter test generation and visual testing.

Advanced Debugging Techniques:

Modules on leveraging machine learning for log analysis and bug prediction.

Cloud-Based Test Execution:

Detailed insights into running tests on cloud platforms like AWS Device Farm or Azure DevOps.

Integration with DevOps Ecosystem:

Enhanced focus on integrating Selenium tests into comprehensive DevOps workflows.

Support for Emerging Frameworks:

Tutorials on using Selenium with modern web frameworks like Angular, React, or Vue.js.

Interactive Community Features:

Creating a collaborative space for learners to share their projects and solve challenges together.

Expanded Real-World Scenarios:

Additional case studies and exercises reflecting cutting-edge industry practices.

Video Tutorials on Advanced Concepts:

Step-by-step walkthroughs of complex Selenium setups and configurations.

How to Get the Most Out of This Course

Brush Up on Basics: Before starting, ensure you’re comfortable with Selenium basics and your chosen programming language.

Engage Actively: Participate in quizzes, assignments, and discussion forums to reinforce your learning.

Build Projects: Use the knowledge gained to create your own automation projects, experimenting with new tools and frameworks.

Leverage Additional Resources: Complement the course material with books, blogs, and the official Selenium documentation.

Join Free: Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation

Conclusion:

Automation testing is a cornerstone of modern software development, and mastering it can unlock countless opportunities. The "Intermediate Selenium WebDriver and Automation" course on Coursera stands out as an excellent resource for those looking to elevate their skills.

With a focus on advanced techniques, integration, and practical applications, this course equips you to tackle real-world challenges confidently. Whether you’re enhancing your current skills or paving the way for a new career direction, this course is a step in the right direction.

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Python Coding Challange - Question With Answer(01191224)

 

What does the following Python code do?

arr = [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]
result = arr[1:4]
print(result)

[10, 20, 30]
[20, 30, 40]
[20, 30, 40, 50]
[10, 20, 30, 40]

Step 1: Understand arr[1:4]

The slicing syntax arr[start:end] extracts a portion of the list from index start to end-1.

• start (1): This is the index where slicing begins (inclusive).
• end (4): This is the index where slicing ends (exclusive).

---

Step 2: Index Positions in the Array

The array arr is:

Index:   0   1   2   3   4
Values: [10, 20, 30, 40, 50]

• start = 1: The slicing starts at index 1, which is 20.
• end = 4: The slicing stops before index 4, so it includes elements up to index 3 (40).

The sliced portion is:

[20, 30, 40]

---

Step 3: Assigning to result

The sliced subarray [20, 30, 40] is stored in result.

---

Step 4: Printing the Result

When you print result, the output is:

[20, 30, 40]

---

Key Takeaways:

1. Slicing includes the start index but excludes the end index.
   So arr[1:4] includes indices 1, 2, and 3 but not 4.
2. The result is [20, 30, 40], the portion of the array between indices 1 and 3.

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Python Coding challenge - Day 305| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

Defining the lambda function

add = lambda x, y: x + y

lambda is a keyword in Python used to create small, anonymous functions (functions that don't require a name).

The syntax for a lambda function is:

lambda arguments: expression

x, y are the arguments of the lambda function (i.e., the inputs the function takes).

x + y is the expression that the function evaluates and returns. In this case, it adds the two arguments together.

The lambda function takes two arguments, x and y, and returns their sum (x + y).

The function is assigned to the variable add, so you can use add as the name of the function.

Calling the lambda function

result = add(5, 3)

add(5, 3) calls the lambda function with the arguments 5 and 3.

It computes 5 + 3, which is 8.

The result (8) is then assigned to the variable result.

Final Explanation:

The lambda function defines a simple operation that adds two numbers.

When you call add(5, 3), it returns 8, which is stored in the result variable.

Output:

result will have the value 8.

Example of the Output:

print(result)  

Output: 8

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Python Coding challenge - Day 304| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

Import the copy module

import copy

The copy module provides functions for creating copies of objects in Python. In this case, we are using copy.copy(), which creates a shallow copy.

Create the list lst1

lst1 = [1, 2, [3, 4]]

lst1 is a list that contains:

Two integers: 1 and 2

One nested list: [3, 4]

Create a shallow copy of lst1

lst2 = copy.copy(lst1)

lst2 is a shallow copy of lst1.

A shallow copy means that:

The outer list itself is copied, so lst1 and lst2 are two separate lists.

However, for nested objects (in this case, the list [3, 4]), the copy only references the same object. So, lst1[2] and lst2[2] both refer to the same inner list [3, 4].

Modify the inner list of lst2

lst2[2][0] = 5

This modifies the first element ([0]) of the inner list lst2[2] (which is [3, 4]) and changes it to 5.

Since lst2[2] and lst1[2] refer to the same inner list, this modification also affects lst1.

Result:

After executing the code:

Both lst1 and lst2 now have the same values:

lst1 = [1, 2, [5, 4]]

lst2 = [1, 2, [5, 4]]

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Python Coding challenge - Day 303| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

Imports the pandas library:

import pandas as pd imports the pandas library, which is a powerful data manipulation and analysis library in Python, often used for working with structured data like tables.

Creates a dictionary data:

data = {'A': [1, 2], 'B': [3, 4]} creates a dictionary where the keys 'A' and 'B' represent column names, and the values [1, 2] and [3, 4] represent the data for those columns, respectively.

The dictionary is essentially:

{

    'A': [1, 2],

    'B': [3, 4]

}

Creates a DataFrame df:

df = pd.DataFrame(data) converts the dictionary data into a pandas DataFrame. A DataFrame is a two-dimensional labeled data structure, like a table with rows and columns.

The resulting DataFrame looks like this:

   A  B

0  1  3

1  2  4

Prints the shape of the DataFrame:

print(df.shape) prints the shape of the DataFrame df.

The shape attribute of a DataFrame returns a tuple representing its dimensions: (number of rows, number of columns).

In this case, the DataFrame has 2 rows and 2 columns, so df.shape will return (2, 2).

Output:

(2, 2)

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Python Coding challenge - Day 302| What is the output of the following Python Code?

 

Explanation:

Imports the numpy library:

import numpy as np imports the numpy library, which is commonly used for numerical operations, especially working with arrays and matrices in Python.

Creates a numpy array:

arr = np.array([1, 2, 3, 4, 5]) creates a numpy array containing the elements [1, 2, 3, 4, 5]. This array is stored in the variable arr.

Calculates the mean of the array:

arr.mean() calculates the mean (average) of the elements in the array arr. The mean() function is a built-in method in numpy that computes the arithmetic mean of the array's elements.

The mean is calculated as the sum of the elements divided by the number of elements:

mean= 1+2+3+4+5/5

 =3.0

Prints the result:

print(arr.mean()) prints the calculated mean to the console. The mean value of the array [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] is 3.0, so the output will be:

Final Output:

3.0

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Python Coding challenge - Day 301| What is the output of the following Python Code?

Explanation:

The code you provided does the following:

Imports the datetime module:

The datetime module is used to work with dates and times in Python.

Creates a datetime object:

now = datetime(2023, 12, 25) creates a datetime object representing December 25, 2023, at 00:00:00 (midnight). The datetime() constructor is being called with the arguments 2023 (year), 12 (month), and 25 (day).

Formats the datetime object as a string:

now.strftime("%Y-%m-%d") takes the datetime object now and converts it into a string representation based on the format specified.

The format "%Y-%m-%d" means:

%Y: Year with century as a four-digit number (e.g., 2023).

%m: Month as a two-digit number (e.g., 12).

%d: Day of the month as a two-digit number (e.g., 25).

The result of this format is the string "2023-12-25".

Prints the formatted string:

The print() function displays the string "2023-12-25" in the console.

So, the output of the code will be:

Final Output:

2023-12-25

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Python Mapping Type Quiz

 

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